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but with somewhat different

  • 1 аналогичный ..., но с несколько иными

    Аналогичный..., но с несколько иными-- A case similar to the first series but with somewhat different conditions at the duct entry has also been reported in reference [...].

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > аналогичный ..., но с несколько иными

  • 2 описываться

    Описываться - to be described, to be outlined, to be reported, to be represented, to be delineated (излагаться); to be governed, to obey (уравнением)
     The extensions to more complex loadings are described by P. [...].
     The basic analytical design approach used to establish specific cooling geometry arrangements for actual combustor application is outlined in [...].
     A case similar to the first series but with somewhat different conditions at the duct entry has also been reported in reference [...].
     The moving interface is represented by a succession of concentric circles.
     The steady state value of h for each heating rate is delineated by a horizontal line.
     However, wave propagation is nonuniform in the direction normal to the plane of the shear layer and is governed by (...).

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > описываться

  • 3 друг

    1. (онзи, не този и пр.) (an)other, some other; somebody/someone else, something else
    мн. ч. other(s)
    дай ми друга книга give me another book, give me some other book
    не ща другиго I want no one else; I don't want anybody else
    изпрати другиго send somebody else
    едни отиват, други се връщат some are going, others/some are returning
    няма друга като нея there is no one like her
    всеки друг any one/everybody else
    никой друг освен него no one else/nobody else/no one/nobody but he
    всяко друго нещо anything/everything else
    нищо друго освен nothing (else) but
    нещо друго? какво друго? anything else? what else? anything more?
    н нещо друго there's something else; besides; what's more
    не за друго, a for no other reason but
    дължи се не на друго, а на неговата упоритост it is due to nothing but his stubbornness
    не друг, a none other than; no less a person than; of all people; who but
    и единият, и другият both; either
    или единият, или другият either (the one or the other); either one
    нито единият, нито другият neither (the one nor the other); neither one
    2. (различен) different, new
    той стана друг човек he became a different/a new man
    по- друг на цвят/качество и пр. somewhat different in colour/quality etc.
    това е съвсем друга тема that's a wholly/an entirely different subject/topic
    това е съвсем друга работа that's (quite) a different matter/thing; that makes all the difference in the world; that alters the case
    това е друго! that's a different matter! казвал ли съм вещо друго? did I ever say otherwise?
    ако няма други ангажименти if he is not otherwise engaged
    обработваеми и други земи tracts agricultural and otherwise
    с други думи in other words
    друга версия another/a different version, ( на текст) a variant reading
    3. (противоположен, обратен) other, opposite; reverse
    другата ръка the other hand
    на другия бряг on the other/opposite bank
    на другта страна на стената on the other side of the wall; on the off side of the wall
    на другта страна на листа on the other/reverse side of the page/leaf; overleaf
    4. (следващ, иден) next, following
    на другия ден (on) the next/following day; the day after
    другия петък Friday next, next Friday
    другата седмица next week, the coming week
    (следващ-за човек) (the) next, the other, another
    мн. ч. the others, the rest
    да влезе друг! let another one come in
    (следващият по ред) let the next one come in
    друг! next! да влязат другите let the rest/the others come in
    без друго anyway; (most) certainly
    от друга страна on the other hand, ( освен това) still; yet
    един зад друг in single/Indian file
    one behind the other, ( за повече от двама) one behind another
    един през друг head-long; helter-skelter; pell-mell
    едно на друго all told, on an average, one thing with another
    едно- друго a few things
    някой и друг лев a few levs; some money
    и др. etc.
    между/покрай другото among other things
    incidentally, ( между прочем) by the way, разг, by the by(e)
    това между другото this by way of digression
    * * *
    прил.
    1. ( онзи, не този и пр.) (an)other, some other; somebody/someone else, something else; само мн. other(s); всеки \друг any one/everybody else; и единият, и \другият both; either; и нещо \друго there’s something else; besides; what’s more; или единият, или \другият either (the one or the other); either one; не \друг, а none other than; no less a person than; of all people; who but; не за \друго, а for no other reason but; нещо \друго? какво \друго? anything else? what else? anything more? никой \друг освен него no one else/nobody else/no one/nobody but he; нито единият, нито \другият neither (the one nor the other); neither one; няма \друга като нея there is no one like her;
    2. ( различен) different, new; ако няма \други ангажименти if he is not otherwise engaged; \друга версия another/different version, (на текст) variant reading; казвал ли съм нещо \друго? did I ever say otherwise? по-\друг на цвят/качество и пр. somewhat different in colour/quality etc.; това е съвсем \друга тема that’s (quiet) a different matter/thing; that makes all the difference in the world; that alters the case;
    3. ( противоположен, обратен) other, opposite; reverse; на \другата страна на листа on the other/reverse side of the page/leaf; overleaf; на \другата страна на стената on the other side of the wall; on the off side of the wall;
    4. ( следващ, иден) next, following; ( следващ ­ за човек) (the) next, next other, another; мн. the others, the rest; да влезе \друг! let another one come in; ( следващият по ред) let the next one come in; \друг! next! \другата седмица next week, the coming week; \другия петък Friday next, next Friday; на \другия ден (on) the next/following day; the day after; • без \друго anyway; (most) certainly; един \друг (за двама) each other, (за повече от двама) one another; един зад \друг in single/Indian file; one behind the other, (за повече от двама) one behind another; един през \друг head-long; helter-skelter; pell-mell; едно-\друго a few things; и др. etc.; между/покрай \другото among other things; incidentally, ( между впрочем) by the way, разг. by the by(e); някой и \друг лев a few levs; some money; от \друга страна on the other hand, ( освен това) still; yet; това между \другото this by way of digression.
    * * *
    another: give me друг book - дай ми друга книга; different ; else {els}: You are not my brother, you are someone друг. - Ти не си брат ми, ти си някой друг.; new ; other ; otherwise
    * * *
    1. (онзи, не този и пр.) (an)other, some other;somebody/someone else, something else 2. (противоположен, обратен) other, opposite;reverse 3. (следващ - за човек) (the) next, the other, another 4. (следващ, иден) next, following 5. (следващият по ред) let the next one come in 6. 2, (различен) different, new 7. incidentally, (между прочем) by the way, разг, by the by(e) 8. one behind the other, (за повече от двама) one behind another 9. ДРУГ! next! да влязат ДРУГите let the rest/the others come in 10. ДРУГa версия another/a different version, (на текст) a variant reading 11. ДРУГата ръка the other hand 12. ДРУГата седмица next week, the coming week 13. ДРУГия петък Friday next, next Friday 14. ако няма ДРУГи ангажименти if he is not otherwise engaged 15. без ДРУГо anyway;(most) certainly 16. всеки ДРУГ any one/everybody else 17. всяко ДРУГо нещо anything/ everything else 18. да влезе ДРУГ! let another one come in 19. дай ми ДРУГа книга give me another book, give mе some other book 20. дължи се не на ДРУГо, а на неговата упоритост it is due to nothing but his stubbornness 21. един ДРУГ (за двама) each other,. (за повече от двама) one another 22. един зад ДРУГ in single/Indian file 23. един през ДРУГ head-long;helter-skelter;pell-mell 24. едни отиват, ДРУГи се връщат some are going, others/some are returning 25. едно на ДРУГо all told, on an average, one thing with another 26. едно-ДРУГо a few things 27. и др. etc. 28. и единият, и ДРУГият both;either 29. изпрати ДРУГиго send somebody else 30. или единият, или ДРУГият either (the one or the other);either one 31. между/покрай ДРУГото among other things 32. мн. ч. other(s) 33. мн. ч. the others, the rest 34. н нещо ДРУГо there's something else;besides;what's more 35. на ДРУГия бряг on the other/opposite bank 36. на ДРУГия ден (on) the next/following day;the day after 37. на ДРУГта страна на листа on the other/reverse side of the page/leaf;overleaf 38. на ДРУГта страна на стената on the other side of the wall;on the off side of the wall 39. не ДРУГ, a none other than;no less a person than;of all people;who but 40. не за ДРУГо, a for no other reason but 41. не ща ДРУГиго I want no one else;I don't want anybody else 42. нещо ДРУГо? какво ДРУГo?anything else?what else?anything more? 43. никой ДРУГ освен него no one else/nobody else/no one/nobody but he 44. нито единият, нито ДРУГият neither (the one nor the other);neither one 45. нищо ДРУГо освен nothing (else) but 46. някой и ДРУГ лев а few levs;some money 47. няма ДРУГа като нея there is no one like her 48. обработваеми и ДРУГи земи tracts agricultural and otherwise 49. от ДРУГa страна on the other hand, (освен това) still;yet 50. по-ДРУГ на цвят/качество и пр. somewhat different in colour/quality etc. 51. с ДРУГи думи in other words 52. това е ДРУГо! that's a different matter! казвал ли съм вещо ДРУГо? did I ever say otherwise? 53. това е съвсем ДРУГa работа that's (quite) a different matter/thing;that makes all the difference in the world;that alters the case 54. това е съвсем ДРУГа тема that's a wholly/ an entirely different subject/topic 55. това между ДРУГото this by way of digression 56. той стана ДРУГ човек he became a different/a new man

    Български-английски речник > друг

  • 4 raro

    adj.
    1 unusual, curious, rare, out of the common.
    2 strange, odd, queer, far-out.
    3 unfamiliar.
    * * *
    2 (escaso) scarce, rare
    3 (peculiar) odd, strange, weird
    4 (excelente) excellent
    ■ escribió un libro raro, una verdadera obra de arte she wrote a very good book, a real work of art
    \
    ¡qué raro! how odd!, that's strange!
    rara vez seldom
    * * *
    (f. - rara)
    adj.
    1) rare, uncommon, unusual, funny
    2) bizarre, weird
    3) odd
    •
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=extraño) strange, odd

    es raro que no haya llamado — it's strange o odd that he hasn't called

    ¡qué raro!, ¡qué cosa más rara! — how (very) strange!, how (very) odd!

    2) (=poco común) rare

    con alguna rara excepción — with few o rare exceptions

    de rara perfección — of rare perfection, of remarkable perfection

    rara vez nos visita, rara es la vez que nos visita — he rarely visits us

    3) (Fís) rare, rarefied
    * * *
    - ra adjetivo
    1)
    a) ( extraño) strange, odd, funny (colloq)

    es raro que... — it's strange o odd o funny that...

    qué cosa más rara! or qué raro! — how odd o strange!

    te noto muy raro hoy — you're acting very strangely today; ver bicho 2)

    b) ( poco frecuente) rare

    raro es el día que... — there's rarely o hardly a day when...

    aquí es raro que nieve — it's very unusual o rare for it to snow here

    2) < gas> rare
    * * *
    = bizarre, queer, rare, unusual, eccentric, odd, uncommon, untoward, weird [weirder -comp., weirdest -sup.], awry, funny [funnier -comp., funniest -sup.], outlandish, freaky [freakier -comp., freakiest -sup.], uncanny, cranky [crankier -comp., crankiest -sup.], kinky [kinkier -comp., kinkiest -sup.], flaky [flakey], freakish, quirky [quirkier -comp., quirkiest -sup.].
    Ex. Some of them will be sufficiently bizarre to suit the most fastidious connoisseur of the present artifacts of civilization.
    Ex. Several years later, his talk with a friend turns to the queer ways in which a people resist innovations, even of vital interest.
    Ex. In practice critical abstracts are rare, and certainly do not usually feature in published secondary services.
    Ex. If the book has an unusual shape then both the height and the width of the book will be given.
    Ex. School classrooms are sometimes extraordinarily badly designed with poor acoustics, ineffective blackout facilities, and notoriously eccentric electrical outlets.
    Ex. There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.
    Ex. Early woodcut initials, coats of arms, etc., were sometimes made from wood cut across the grain, but the use of end-grain blocks remained uncommon until the later eighteenth century.
    Ex. Perhaps, he questioned himself, this is the way every principal operates, and there is nothing untoward in it.
    Ex. This paper surveys some of the more weird World Wide Web sites.
    Ex. Could she not have detected that something in his behavior was awry?.
    Ex. The article 'What's that funny noise? Videogames in the library' explains how videogames have attracted many young irregular library users who may, in time, extend their attention to other library facilities.
    Ex. This book discusses some of the most outlandish myths and fantastic realities of medical history.
    Ex. This film is really just a series of throwaway skits that the director and scriptwriter attempt to lard with parody and freaky fantasy.
    Ex. Surrealism is an art concerned not with love and liberation but with the uncanny, the compulsion to repeat, and the drive toward death.
    Ex. For example, you already know that living in a windowless room will make you cranky and out of sorts.
    Ex. However, those desiring something off-the-wall, borderline kinky, and just plain mad might appreciate the novel.
    Ex. Children who were in some way different were excused from family responsibilities in childhood because they were, for example, 'spoiled,' a 'problem child,' or ' flaky'.
    Ex. 1816 was one of several years during the 1810s in which numerous crops failed during freakish summer cold snaps after volcanic eruptions that reduced incoming sunlight.
    Ex. 'Why are barns frequently painted red?' -- These are the curious, slightly bizarre and somewhat quirky kinds of questions librarians deal with.
    ----
    * aunque parezca raro = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.
    * bicho raro = rare bird, odd bird, odd fish, freak of nature, rare breed, weirdo, nerdy [nerdier -comp., nerdiest -sup.], geek, nerd, geeky [geekier -comp., geekiest -sup.].
    * colección de libros raros = rare book collection.
    * de forma rara = oddly, funnily.
    * de manera rara = oddly, funnily.
    * demasiado raro = all too rare.
    * de modo raro = funnily.
    * de una manera rara = strangely.
    * de un modo raro = freakishly.
    * edición rara = rare edition.
    * en casos raros = in rare cases.
    * enfermedad rara = rare disease.
    * en raras ocasiones = in rare cases.
    * en raros casos = in rare cases.
    * especie rara = rare breed.
    * haber algo raro con = there + be + something fishy going on with.
    * Ley de los Medicamentos Raros, la = Orphan Drug Act, the.
    * libro raro = rare book.
    * muy rara vez = all too seldom, once in a blue moon.
    * parecer raro = sound + odd.
    * por muy raro que parezca = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.
    * ¡qué raro! = how strange!.
    * rara vez = infrequently, rarely, seldom, uncommonly, on rare occasions.
    * sala de libros raros = rare book room.
    * salvo raras excepciones = with rare exceptions.
    * ser algo muy raro = be a rare occurrence.
    * * *
    - ra adjetivo
    1)
    a) ( extraño) strange, odd, funny (colloq)

    es raro que... — it's strange o odd o funny that...

    qué cosa más rara! or qué raro! — how odd o strange!

    te noto muy raro hoy — you're acting very strangely today; ver bicho 2)

    b) ( poco frecuente) rare

    raro es el día que... — there's rarely o hardly a day when...

    aquí es raro que nieve — it's very unusual o rare for it to snow here

    2) < gas> rare
    * * *
    = bizarre, queer, rare, unusual, eccentric, odd, uncommon, untoward, weird [weirder -comp., weirdest -sup.], awry, funny [funnier -comp., funniest -sup.], outlandish, freaky [freakier -comp., freakiest -sup.], uncanny, cranky [crankier -comp., crankiest -sup.], kinky [kinkier -comp., kinkiest -sup.], flaky [flakey], freakish, quirky [quirkier -comp., quirkiest -sup.].

    Ex: Some of them will be sufficiently bizarre to suit the most fastidious connoisseur of the present artifacts of civilization.

    Ex: Several years later, his talk with a friend turns to the queer ways in which a people resist innovations, even of vital interest.
    Ex: In practice critical abstracts are rare, and certainly do not usually feature in published secondary services.
    Ex: If the book has an unusual shape then both the height and the width of the book will be given.
    Ex: School classrooms are sometimes extraordinarily badly designed with poor acoustics, ineffective blackout facilities, and notoriously eccentric electrical outlets.
    Ex: There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.
    Ex: Early woodcut initials, coats of arms, etc., were sometimes made from wood cut across the grain, but the use of end-grain blocks remained uncommon until the later eighteenth century.
    Ex: Perhaps, he questioned himself, this is the way every principal operates, and there is nothing untoward in it.
    Ex: This paper surveys some of the more weird World Wide Web sites.
    Ex: Could she not have detected that something in his behavior was awry?.
    Ex: The article 'What's that funny noise? Videogames in the library' explains how videogames have attracted many young irregular library users who may, in time, extend their attention to other library facilities.
    Ex: This book discusses some of the most outlandish myths and fantastic realities of medical history.
    Ex: This film is really just a series of throwaway skits that the director and scriptwriter attempt to lard with parody and freaky fantasy.
    Ex: Surrealism is an art concerned not with love and liberation but with the uncanny, the compulsion to repeat, and the drive toward death.
    Ex: For example, you already know that living in a windowless room will make you cranky and out of sorts.
    Ex: However, those desiring something off-the-wall, borderline kinky, and just plain mad might appreciate the novel.
    Ex: Children who were in some way different were excused from family responsibilities in childhood because they were, for example, 'spoiled,' a 'problem child,' or ' flaky'.
    Ex: 1816 was one of several years during the 1810s in which numerous crops failed during freakish summer cold snaps after volcanic eruptions that reduced incoming sunlight.
    Ex: 'Why are barns frequently painted red?' -- These are the curious, slightly bizarre and somewhat quirky kinds of questions librarians deal with.
    * aunque parezca raro = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.
    * bicho raro = rare bird, odd bird, odd fish, freak of nature, rare breed, weirdo, nerdy [nerdier -comp., nerdiest -sup.], geek, nerd, geeky [geekier -comp., geekiest -sup.].
    * colección de libros raros = rare book collection.
    * de forma rara = oddly, funnily.
    * de manera rara = oddly, funnily.
    * demasiado raro = all too rare.
    * de modo raro = funnily.
    * de una manera rara = strangely.
    * de un modo raro = freakishly.
    * edición rara = rare edition.
    * en casos raros = in rare cases.
    * enfermedad rara = rare disease.
    * en raras ocasiones = in rare cases.
    * en raros casos = in rare cases.
    * especie rara = rare breed.
    * haber algo raro con = there + be + something fishy going on with.
    * Ley de los Medicamentos Raros, la = Orphan Drug Act, the.
    * libro raro = rare book.
    * muy rara vez = all too seldom, once in a blue moon.
    * parecer raro = sound + odd.
    * por muy raro que parezca = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.
    * ¡qué raro! = how strange!.
    * rara vez = infrequently, rarely, seldom, uncommonly, on rare occasions.
    * sala de libros raros = rare book room.
    * salvo raras excepciones = with rare exceptions.
    * ser algo muy raro = be a rare occurrence.

    * * *
    raro -ra
    A
    1 (extraño) strange, odd, funny ( colloq)
    es raro que aún no haya venido it's strange o odd o funny that he hasn't come yet
    ya me parecía raro que no salieras I thought it was a bit strange o odd you weren't going out
    ¡qué cosa más rara! or ¡qué raro! how odd o strange o funny o peculiar!
    me siento raro en este ambiente I feel strange o funny in these surroundings
    es un poco rarilla she's a bit odd o strange o funny o peculiar
    ¿qué te pasa hoy? te noto/estás muy raro what's up with you today? you're acting very strangely
    me miró como si fuera un bicho raro ( fam); he looked at me as if I was some kind of weirdo ( colloq)
    ¡qué tipo más raro! what a strange o peculiar o funny man!
    2 (poco frecuente, común) rare
    salvo raras excepciones with a few rare exceptions
    raro es el día que no sale there's rarely o hardly a day when she doesn't go out
    aquí es raro que nieve it rarely o seldom snows here, it's very unusual o rare for it to snow here
    B ‹gas› rare
    * * *

     

    raro
    ◊ -ra adjetivo

    a) ( extraño) strange, odd, funny (colloq);

    ◊ es raro que … it's strange o odd o funny that …;

    ¡qué raro! how odd o strange!;
    te noto muy raro hoy you're acting very strangely today


    aquí es raro que nieve it's very unusual o rare for it to snow here
    raro,-a adjetivo
    1 (no frecuente) rare: es raro que no llame, it's unusual for her not to telephone
    2 (poco común) odd, strange: ¡qué sombrero más raro!, what a weird hat!
    tiene un raro sentido del humor, he's got a warped sense of humour
    ♦ Locuciones: Paco es un bicho raro, Paco is a weirdo
    ' raro' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bicho
    - chocante
    - disgustar
    - individuo
    - particular
    - peculiar
    - rara
    - singular
    - tipo
    - artefacto
    - extraño
    - gusto
    - olor
    - sonar
    English:
    flaky
    - funny
    - most
    - odd
    - odd-looking
    - oddbod
    - oddity
    - odor
    - odour
    - peculiar
    - queer
    - rare
    - set-up
    - should
    - strange
    - strangely
    - unlikely
    - unusual
    - weird
    - for
    - how
    - incongruous
    - like
    - oddball
    - seem
    - strike
    - uncanny
    * * *
    raro, -a adj
    1. [extraño] strange, odd;
    ¡qué raro! how strange o odd!;
    ¡qué raro que no haya llamado! it's very strange o odd that she hasn't called;
    es raro que no nos lo haya dicho it's odd o funny that she didn't tell us;
    ya me parecía raro que no hubiera dicho nada I thought it was strange o odd that he hadn't said anything;
    no sé qué le pasa últimamente, está o [m5] la noto muy rara I don't know what's up with her lately, she's been acting very strangely
    2. [excepcional] unusual, rare;
    [visita] infrequent;
    rara vez rarely;
    es raro el día que viene a comer she very rarely comes round for lunch;
    raro es el que no fuma very few of them don't smoke
    3. [extravagante] odd, eccentric
    4. [escaso] rare
    5. Quím rare
    * * *
    adj
    1 rare
    2 ( extraño) strange;
    ¡qué raro! how strange!
    * * *
    raro, -ra adj
    1) extraño: odd, strange, peculiar
    2) : unusual, rare
    3) : exceptional
    4)
    rara vez : seldom, rarely
    * * *
    raro adj
    1. (extraño) strange / odd

    Spanish-English dictionary > raro

  • 5 relación

    f.
    1 relation, association, relationship, connection.
    2 relation, treatment, intercourse, dealing.
    3 acquaintance, relation.
    4 account, recitation, narration, recital.
    5 report, recountal.
    6 friendship.
    7 relative, member of the family, relation.
    * * *
    1 (correspondencia) relation, relationship
    ■ una relación amistosa a friendship, a friendly relationship
    2 (conexión) link, connection
    3 (lista) list, record
    4 (relato) account, telling
    1 (conocidos) acquaintances; (contactos) contacts, connections
    \
    con relación a / en relación a with regard to, regarding
    estar en buenas relaciones con alguien to be on good terms with somebody
    estar en relación con alguien to be in contact with somebody
    hacer relación a algo to refer to something
    tener buenas relaciones to be well connected
    tener relaciones con alguien (salir) to go out with somebody
    relaciones diplomáticas diplomatic relations
    relaciones públicas public relations
    relaciones sexuales sexual relations
    * * *
    noun f.
    •
    - relación sexual
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=vínculo) connection

    existe una relación entre el tabaco y el cáncer — there is a connection o relation o relationship between cigarettes and cancer

    • guardar o tener relación con algo — [suceso] to be connected with sth, be related to sth; [persona] to be connected with sth

    no guardar relación (alguna) con algo — (=no parecerse) to bear no relation (whatsoever) to sth; (=no estar relacionado) to have no connection o relation (at all) with sth

    relación calidad/precio — value for money

    tener buena relación calidad/precio — to be good value for money

    2)

    • con relación a, en relación a o con — (=comparado con) compared to, compared with; (=en lo referente a) with regard to, in connection with

    un aumento del 3% con relación al año anterior — an increase of 3% over o compared to o compared with the previous year

    con relación a la encuesta publicada por este periódico — with regard to o in connection with the survey published by this newspaper

    3) (=entre personas)
    a) [en el momento presente] relations pl

    ¿cómo es su relación o son sus relaciones con su jefe? — how are relations between you and your boss?

    • estar en o mantener buenas relaciones con — [+ persona] to be on good terms with; [+ organización] to have good relations with

    • romper las relaciones con — [+ país, organización] to break off relations with; [+ familiar, amigo] to break off all contact with

    b) [de larga duración] relationship

    ¿cómo eran las relaciones con su padre? — what was your relationship with your father like?

    ¿sigues manteniendo las relaciones con tus antiguos compañeros de universidad? — do you still keep in touch with people from your university days?

    4) [con empresa, organización] connection

    ¿tiene alguna relación con esa empresa? — do you have any connection with that company?

    relaciones laborales — labour relations, labor relations (EEUU)

    relaciones públicas — (=actividad) public relations, PR; (=profesional) public relations officer, PR officer

    5) (tb: relación amorosa) relationship
    6) (tb: relación sexual) (=acto) sex; (=trato) sexual relationship

    mantener o tener relaciones sexuales con algn — [de forma esporádica] to have sex with sb; [de forma continuada] to be in a sexual relationship with sb

    relaciones prematrimoniales — premarital sex, sex before marriage

    7) (=referencia)

    • hacer relación a algo — to refer to sth

    8) pl relaciones (=personas conocidas) acquaintances; (=enchufes) contacts, connections

    tener (buenas) relaciones — to be well connected, have good contacts o connections

    9) (Mat) (=proporción) ratio

    los superan numéricamente en una relación 46-36% — they outnumber them by a ratio of 46-36%

    10) frm (=narración) account

    • hacer una relación de algo — to give an account of sth

    11) (=lista) list

    el usuario dispone, junto a la factura telefónica, de una relación de sus llamadas — the customer receives, together with the telephone bill, a breakdown of calls made

    12) (Jur) (=informe) record, (official) return
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( conexión) connection

    con relación a or en relación con — ( con respecto a) in connection with; ( en comparación con) relative to

    en relación con su carta... — with regard to o regarding your letter...

    en una relación de diez a uno — (Mat) in a ratio of ten to one

    2)
    a) ( trato)

    relaciones diplomáticas/comerciales — diplomatic/trade relations

    b) relaciones femenino plural ( influencias) contacts (pl), connections (pl)
    3)
    a) ( exposición) account
    b) ( lista) list
    * * *
    = association, chaining, connection [connexion], connectivity, dealing, interaction, interplay, involvement, link, ratio, relation, relationship, relationship link, relatedness, alliance, liaison, exposure, tie, tie-up.
    Ex. It is possible and convenient to select a viewpoint on the scope, associations and labels for subjects which coincides with the way in which subjects are handled in the literature.
    Ex. The information seeking patterns of a variety of academic social scientists were broken down into 6 characteristics: starting; chaining; browsing; differentiating; monitoring; and extracting.
    Ex. Access is via modified television set, a telephone (and its connections) and a simple keypad.
    Ex. An information system architecture defines a structure for describing communications connectivity between users of information and sources of information.
    Ex. The most serious problem for librarians in their dealings with media materials is the massive multiplication of formats, making it difficult for librarians to decide what to buy in what format.
    Ex. One trend for the future is likely to be the development of hosts which are designed for interaction with the end user.
    Ex. In the case of the book, it is the interplay of such multifarious trends that will determine its destiny.
    Ex. Clearly, anyone having any dealings at all with the CAP needs a general understanding of how the system works, at a level which is appropriate to their involvement.
    Ex. Explanatory references give a little more explanation as to why the link between two names is being made in the catalogue or index.
    Ex. The microfiche is a common form for catalogues and indexes, usually 208 or 270 frames per fiche, in a piece of film and with a reduction ratio of 42 or 48:1.
    Ex. The catalogue often forms the basis for co-operation and good relations between the libraries in a region.
    Ex. Related works are separately catalogued works that have a relationship to another work.
    Ex. The bibliographic record for the volume is also a monographic record, but with a series entry and a relationship link to the bibliographic record for the series as a whole.
    Ex. The frequency of co-occurrence of articles from different subfields in selected periodicals is used for measuring the degree of relatedness between these subfields.
    Ex. This type of alliance is already evident in countries like Thailand, where library science students and educators have been actively involved in writing and illustrating children's books.
    Ex. It is important to make sure that there is close liaison between the cataloguing department and the order department, otherwise cards are liable to be ordered twice or in insufficient quantity to meet the total demand.
    Ex. This article also examines the need for exposure to AI by all students in order to become familiar with capabilities and limitations of AI-based systems.
    Ex. Eastern European countries longing for western scientific ties have wanted to participate in the Internet for a long time, but were excluded by government regulations.
    Ex. The report of findings may consist simply of a few pages, or be a trends and proposals report, or may suggest tie-ups with other groups.
    ----
    * beneficios en relación con la inversión = return on investment (ROI).
    * bloque funcional de relaciones entre registros = linking entry block.
    * buena relación calidad-precio = value for money.
    * buscar el origen de la relación entre = trace + the relationship between.
    * campaña de relaciones públicas = public relations campaign.
    * campo de relación = linking field.
    * con relación a = as regards, re, in relation to, in connection with, regarding, concerning.
    * crear relaciones = structure + relationships.
    * definir relaciones = structure + relationships.
    * de segunda importancia en relación con = secondary to.
    * diagrama de relaciones = relationship display.
    * encargado de relaciones públicas = public liaison.
    * en relación a = as for.
    * en relación con = in association with, in conjunction with, in connection with, in relation to, in respect of, in terms of, in the way of, relating to, relative to, vis à vis, with reference to, with regard(s) to, apropos of, as it relates to, in the context of, on the matter of, re, regarding, apropos to, in reference to, concerning, in keeping with.
    * en relación proporcional con = in proportion to.
    * entablar relaciones = enter into + relations, enter into + relationships, build + relationships, develop + relationships, develop + relations, build + relations.
    * entablar relaciones comerciales = transact.
    * entablar relaciones con = forge + links with, forge + relationships with, forge + ties.
    * establecer relaciones = build + relationships, develop + relationships, develop + relations, build + relations, structure + relationships.
    * establecer relaciones con = forge + links with, forge + relationships with, forge + ties.
    * estrechar la relación = strengthen + links.
    * estropear una relación = poison + a relationship.
    * fortalecer la relación = strengthen + links.
    * ganancias en relación con la inversión = return on investment (ROI).
    * grado de relación = relatedness measure.
    * guardar relación con = bear + relation to, stand in + relation to, stand in + relationship to, bear + relationship to, be commensurate with.
    * guardar una relación directamente proporcional = vary + proportionately.
    * guardar una relación inversamente proporcional = vary + inversely.
    * hacer una relación de = list.
    * indicador de relación = relation indicator, relational operator, role operator.
    * ley de relación exponencial inversa al cuadrado = inverse square law.
    * ley de relación exponencial inversa al cubo = inverse cube law.
    * mantener relaciones = maintain + contact, maintain + relationships, maintain + relations.
    * mantener relaciones comerciales = do + business.
    * mantener una relación con = carry on + relationship with.
    * mejor relación calidad-precio, la = best value for money, the.
    * negar tener relación con = disclaim + connection with.
    * no guardar relación con = be incommensurate with.
    * número de relación = linking number.
    * operador de relación = link, relational operator, linking device.
    * persona encargada de las relaciones públicas = PR man [PR men, -pl.].
    * poner en relación = bring into + relationship.
    * que guarde relación con = in keeping with.
    * relación "es un tipo de" = is-a relationship.
    * relación afín = affinitive relationship.
    * relación amorosa = love affair.
    * relación ascendente = upward reference.
    * relación asociativa = associative relation, collateral link, collateral reference.
    * relación calidad-precio = price-performance ratio.
    * relación causa-efecto = cause-effect relation, causal relationship.
    * relación clase-tipo = type-token ratio.
    * relación comparativa = comparative relation.
    * relación consecutiva = consecutive relation.
    * relación contractual = contractual relationship.
    * relación coordinada = coordinate relation.
    * relación costes-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.
    * relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.
    * relación de aplicación = bias relation.
    * relación de confianza = trusting relationship.
    * relación de contenido = contents notes.
    * relación de equivalencia = equivalence relationship.
    * relación de inclusión = part-whole relation.
    * relación de poder = power relationship.
    * relación de preferencia = preferential relation, preferential relationship.
    * relación descendente = downward reference.
    * relación de trabajo = working relation, working relationship, work relationship, work relation.
    * relación directa = direct relationship, linear relationship, linear relation.
    * relación directamente proporcional significativa = significant direct relationship.
    * relación directa significativa = significant direct relationship.
    * relación entre compañeros = peer interaction.
    * relación entre cuasisinónimos = near-synonymous relationship.
    * relaciones = intercourse.
    * relaciones comerciales = business dealings, commercial relations, trade relations.
    * relaciones de género = gender relations.
    * relaciones de poder = power relations.
    * relaciones diplomáticas = diplomatic relations.
    * relaciones entre hombres y mujeres = gender relations.
    * relaciones humanas = human relations, human relationships.
    * relaciones industriales = industrial relations.
    * relaciones jerárquicas = role relationships.
    * relaciones laborales = labour relations, employment relations.
    * relación específica = downward reference.
    * relaciones prematrimoniales = premarital sex.
    * relaciones públicas = public relations (PR), PR activities, public relations exercise, public liaison.
    * relaciones sexuales = sexual intercourse, intercourse.
    * relaciones sexuales promiscuas = casual sex(ual) encounters, casual sex.
    * relaciones sociales = social relations.
    * relación estrecha = close contact.
    * relación formal = formal relation.
    * relación genérica = generic relation, generic relationship, upwards link, upward reference.
    * relación género/especie = genus/species relationship.
    * relación internacional = international relation.
    * relación interracial = interracial relationship.
    * relación inversa = inverse relationship.
    * relación inversamente proporcional significativa = inverse relationship, significant inverse relationship.
    * relación inversa significativa = significant inverse relationship.
    * relación jerárquica = hierarchical relation, hierarchical relationship.
    * relación laboral = working relation, working relationship, work relationship, work relation.
    * relación negativa = negative relationship.
    * relación parte-todo = whole/part relationship, whole-part relationship.
    * relación positiva = positive relationship.
    * relación semántica = semantic relation, semantic relationship.
    * relación sexual = sexual relationship.
    * relación sexual sin protección = unprotected sex.
    * relación simbiótica = symbiotic relationship.
    * relación sintáctica = syntactic relation, syntactic relationship, syntactical relationship.
    * relativo a la relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit, cost-benefit.
    * romper una relación = break off + relationship, sever + connection.
    * sin relación = unrelated, unconnected.
    * sin relación con = unrelated to.
    * sociología de las relaciones industriales = industrial sociology, sociology of industrial relations.
    * tener relación con = have + bearing on.
    * tener relaciones amorosas = have + an affair.
    * tener relaciones con = have + dealings with.
    * tener relaciones sexuales con = have + intercourse with.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( conexión) connection

    con relación a or en relación con — ( con respecto a) in connection with; ( en comparación con) relative to

    en relación con su carta... — with regard to o regarding your letter...

    en una relación de diez a uno — (Mat) in a ratio of ten to one

    2)
    a) ( trato)

    relaciones diplomáticas/comerciales — diplomatic/trade relations

    b) relaciones femenino plural ( influencias) contacts (pl), connections (pl)
    3)
    a) ( exposición) account
    b) ( lista) list
    * * *
    = association, chaining, connection [connexion], connectivity, dealing, interaction, interplay, involvement, link, ratio, relation, relationship, relationship link, relatedness, alliance, liaison, exposure, tie, tie-up.

    Ex: It is possible and convenient to select a viewpoint on the scope, associations and labels for subjects which coincides with the way in which subjects are handled in the literature.

    Ex: The information seeking patterns of a variety of academic social scientists were broken down into 6 characteristics: starting; chaining; browsing; differentiating; monitoring; and extracting.
    Ex: Access is via modified television set, a telephone (and its connections) and a simple keypad.
    Ex: An information system architecture defines a structure for describing communications connectivity between users of information and sources of information.
    Ex: The most serious problem for librarians in their dealings with media materials is the massive multiplication of formats, making it difficult for librarians to decide what to buy in what format.
    Ex: One trend for the future is likely to be the development of hosts which are designed for interaction with the end user.
    Ex: In the case of the book, it is the interplay of such multifarious trends that will determine its destiny.
    Ex: Clearly, anyone having any dealings at all with the CAP needs a general understanding of how the system works, at a level which is appropriate to their involvement.
    Ex: Explanatory references give a little more explanation as to why the link between two names is being made in the catalogue or index.
    Ex: The microfiche is a common form for catalogues and indexes, usually 208 or 270 frames per fiche, in a piece of film and with a reduction ratio of 42 or 48:1.
    Ex: The catalogue often forms the basis for co-operation and good relations between the libraries in a region.
    Ex: Related works are separately catalogued works that have a relationship to another work.
    Ex: The bibliographic record for the volume is also a monographic record, but with a series entry and a relationship link to the bibliographic record for the series as a whole.
    Ex: The frequency of co-occurrence of articles from different subfields in selected periodicals is used for measuring the degree of relatedness between these subfields.
    Ex: This type of alliance is already evident in countries like Thailand, where library science students and educators have been actively involved in writing and illustrating children's books.
    Ex: It is important to make sure that there is close liaison between the cataloguing department and the order department, otherwise cards are liable to be ordered twice or in insufficient quantity to meet the total demand.
    Ex: This article also examines the need for exposure to AI by all students in order to become familiar with capabilities and limitations of AI-based systems.
    Ex: Eastern European countries longing for western scientific ties have wanted to participate in the Internet for a long time, but were excluded by government regulations.
    Ex: The report of findings may consist simply of a few pages, or be a trends and proposals report, or may suggest tie-ups with other groups.
    * beneficios en relación con la inversión = return on investment (ROI).
    * bloque funcional de relaciones entre registros = linking entry block.
    * buena relación calidad-precio = value for money.
    * buscar el origen de la relación entre = trace + the relationship between.
    * campaña de relaciones públicas = public relations campaign.
    * campo de relación = linking field.
    * con relación a = as regards, re, in relation to, in connection with, regarding, concerning.
    * crear relaciones = structure + relationships.
    * definir relaciones = structure + relationships.
    * de segunda importancia en relación con = secondary to.
    * diagrama de relaciones = relationship display.
    * encargado de relaciones públicas = public liaison.
    * en relación a = as for.
    * en relación con = in association with, in conjunction with, in connection with, in relation to, in respect of, in terms of, in the way of, relating to, relative to, vis à vis, with reference to, with regard(s) to, apropos of, as it relates to, in the context of, on the matter of, re, regarding, apropos to, in reference to, concerning, in keeping with.
    * en relación proporcional con = in proportion to.
    * entablar relaciones = enter into + relations, enter into + relationships, build + relationships, develop + relationships, develop + relations, build + relations.
    * entablar relaciones comerciales = transact.
    * entablar relaciones con = forge + links with, forge + relationships with, forge + ties.
    * establecer relaciones = build + relationships, develop + relationships, develop + relations, build + relations, structure + relationships.
    * establecer relaciones con = forge + links with, forge + relationships with, forge + ties.
    * estrechar la relación = strengthen + links.
    * estropear una relación = poison + a relationship.
    * fortalecer la relación = strengthen + links.
    * ganancias en relación con la inversión = return on investment (ROI).
    * grado de relación = relatedness measure.
    * guardar relación con = bear + relation to, stand in + relation to, stand in + relationship to, bear + relationship to, be commensurate with.
    * guardar una relación directamente proporcional = vary + proportionately.
    * guardar una relación inversamente proporcional = vary + inversely.
    * hacer una relación de = list.
    * indicador de relación = relation indicator, relational operator, role operator.
    * ley de relación exponencial inversa al cuadrado = inverse square law.
    * ley de relación exponencial inversa al cubo = inverse cube law.
    * mantener relaciones = maintain + contact, maintain + relationships, maintain + relations.
    * mantener relaciones comerciales = do + business.
    * mantener una relación con = carry on + relationship with.
    * mejor relación calidad-precio, la = best value for money, the.
    * negar tener relación con = disclaim + connection with.
    * no guardar relación con = be incommensurate with.
    * número de relación = linking number.
    * operador de relación = link, relational operator, linking device.
    * persona encargada de las relaciones públicas = PR man [PR men, -pl.].
    * poner en relación = bring into + relationship.
    * que guarde relación con = in keeping with.
    * relación "es un tipo de" = is-a relationship.
    * relación afín = affinitive relationship.
    * relación amorosa = love affair.
    * relación ascendente = upward reference.
    * relación asociativa = associative relation, collateral link, collateral reference.
    * relación calidad-precio = price-performance ratio.
    * relación causa-efecto = cause-effect relation, causal relationship.
    * relación clase-tipo = type-token ratio.
    * relación comparativa = comparative relation.
    * relación consecutiva = consecutive relation.
    * relación contractual = contractual relationship.
    * relación coordinada = coordinate relation.
    * relación costes-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.
    * relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.
    * relación de aplicación = bias relation.
    * relación de confianza = trusting relationship.
    * relación de contenido = contents notes.
    * relación de equivalencia = equivalence relationship.
    * relación de inclusión = part-whole relation.
    * relación de poder = power relationship.
    * relación de preferencia = preferential relation, preferential relationship.
    * relación descendente = downward reference.
    * relación de trabajo = working relation, working relationship, work relationship, work relation.
    * relación directa = direct relationship, linear relationship, linear relation.
    * relación directamente proporcional significativa = significant direct relationship.
    * relación directa significativa = significant direct relationship.
    * relación entre compañeros = peer interaction.
    * relación entre cuasisinónimos = near-synonymous relationship.
    * relaciones = intercourse.
    * relaciones comerciales = business dealings, commercial relations, trade relations.
    * relaciones de género = gender relations.
    * relaciones de poder = power relations.
    * relaciones diplomáticas = diplomatic relations.
    * relaciones entre hombres y mujeres = gender relations.
    * relaciones humanas = human relations, human relationships.
    * relaciones industriales = industrial relations.
    * relaciones jerárquicas = role relationships.
    * relaciones laborales = labour relations, employment relations.
    * relación específica = downward reference.
    * relaciones prematrimoniales = premarital sex.
    * relaciones públicas = public relations (PR), PR activities, public relations exercise, public liaison.
    * relaciones sexuales = sexual intercourse, intercourse.
    * relaciones sexuales promiscuas = casual sex(ual) encounters, casual sex.
    * relaciones sociales = social relations.
    * relación estrecha = close contact.
    * relación formal = formal relation.
    * relación genérica = generic relation, generic relationship, upwards link, upward reference.
    * relación género/especie = genus/species relationship.
    * relación internacional = international relation.
    * relación interracial = interracial relationship.
    * relación inversa = inverse relationship.
    * relación inversamente proporcional significativa = inverse relationship, significant inverse relationship.
    * relación inversa significativa = significant inverse relationship.
    * relación jerárquica = hierarchical relation, hierarchical relationship.
    * relación laboral = working relation, working relationship, work relationship, work relation.
    * relación negativa = negative relationship.
    * relación parte-todo = whole/part relationship, whole-part relationship.
    * relación positiva = positive relationship.
    * relación semántica = semantic relation, semantic relationship.
    * relación sexual = sexual relationship.
    * relación sexual sin protección = unprotected sex.
    * relación simbiótica = symbiotic relationship.
    * relación sintáctica = syntactic relation, syntactic relationship, syntactical relationship.
    * relativo a la relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit, cost-benefit.
    * romper una relación = break off + relationship, sever + connection.
    * sin relación = unrelated, unconnected.
    * sin relación con = unrelated to.
    * sociología de las relaciones industriales = industrial sociology, sociology of industrial relations.
    * tener relación con = have + bearing on.
    * tener relaciones amorosas = have + an affair.
    * tener relaciones con = have + dealings with.
    * tener relaciones sexuales con = have + intercourse with.

    * * *
    A
    1 (conexión) connection
    esto no tiene or no guarda ninguna relación con los hechos this has no connection with o bears no relation to the facts
    existe una relación entre los dos sucesos there is a connection o link between the two events
    con relación a or en relación con (con respecto a) in connection with; (en comparación con) relative to
    en relación con su carta de fecha … in connection with o with regard to your letter dated …
    hubo un descenso con relación al año anterior there was a decrease relative to the previous year
    2
    (correspondencia): en una relación de diez a uno ( Mat) in a ratio of ten to one
    tiene una excelente relación calidad-precio it is excellent value for money
    una relación causa-efecto a relationship of cause and effect
    Compuesto:
    equivalence relation
    B
    1
    (trato): ha establecido una buena relación con él she has built up a good relationship with him
    relaciones amistosas/sexuales friendly/sexual relations
    tuvo relaciones amorosas con una famosa actriz he had an affair with a famous actress
    mantienen relaciones formales desde hace años they have been courting for years
    siempre ha tenido muy buenas relaciones con su jefe she has always had o enjoyed a very good relationship with her boss
    ahora estoy en buenas relaciones con él I'm on good terms with him now
    relaciones comerciales trading o trade relations
    han roto las relaciones diplomáticas they have broken off diplomatic relations
    es nulo en lo que respecta a las relaciones humanas he's hopeless when it comes to dealing with people o when it comes to the human side of things
    las relaciones entre padres e hijos the relationship between parents and their children
    2 relaciones fpl (influencias) contacts (pl), connections (pl)
    tiene buenas relaciones en la empresa he has some good contacts o connections in the company
    Compuestos:
    fpl foreign affairs (pl)
    A fpl (actividad) public relations (pl)
    B masculine and feminine (persona) public relations officer ( o executive etc)
    C
    1 (exposición) account
    hizo una detallada relación de los hechos she gave a detailed account of the facts
    2 (lista) list
    * * *

     

    relación sustantivo femenino
    1

    con relación a or en relación con ( con respecto a) in connection with;
    ( en comparación con) relative to;
    ◊ en relación con su carta … with regard to o regarding your letter …



    una relación causa-efecto a relationship of cause and effect
    2


    estoy en buenas relaciones con él I'm on good terms with him
    b)

    ◊ relaciones sustantivo femenino plural ( influencias) contacts (pl), connections (pl);


    (trato comercial, diplomático) relations (pl);
    ( trato carnal) sex;

    relaciones prematrimoniales premarital sex;
    relaciones públicas ( actividad) public relations (pl);

    ( persona) public relations officer;
    (de cantante, artista) PR;

    3

    b) ( lista) list

    relación sustantivo femenino
    1 (entre personas) relationship: no tengo relación alguna con ellos, I don't maintain any form of contact with them
    estar en buenas relaciones con alguien, to be on good terms with sb
    tener relaciones influyentes, to have good contacts
    2 (entre ideas o cosas) connection, relation
    con relación a su pregunta, regarding your question
    3 (de nombres, elementos, etc) list
    4 (de un hecho o situación) account: la relación de los hechos es algo confusa, the description of the facts is somewhat confusing
    5 Mat ratio, proportion
    6 relaciones públicas, (actividad) public relations
    (persona) public relations officer
    ' relación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ajena
    - ajeno
    - causa
    - cimentar
    - comercio
    - con
    - consonancia
    - cortar
    - definitivamente
    - desconectarse
    - enlace
    - enrarecerse
    - entrañable
    - escarceo
    - extramatrimonial
    - hermandad
    - intimidad
    - laboral
    - lazo
    - murmuración
    - paréntesis
    - proporción
    - regañar
    - relucir
    - rencilla
    - romperse
    - salir
    - sexo
    - tambalearse
    - tempestuosa
    - tempestuoso
    - tirantez
    - trabajada
    - trabajado
    - tratar
    - tratarse
    - trato
    - ver
    - vendedor
    - vendedora
    - asfixiante
    - asunto
    - aventura
    - clandestino
    - comunicación
    - conexión
    - conocer
    - consolidar
    - correspondencia
    - desgastar
    English:
    association
    - bearing
    - blossom
    - breakup
    - bust up
    - close
    - commensurate
    - connect
    - connected
    - connection
    - damage
    - fall apart
    - intimate
    - involvement
    - liaison
    - money
    - of
    - pertinent
    - record
    - relation
    - relationship
    - rob
    - stormy
    - strain
    - strained
    - strengthen
    - terminate
    - to
    - two-timer
    - unrelated
    - value
    - walk out
    - acquaintance
    - disclaim
    - further
    - involve
    - irrelevant
    - obviously
    - put
    - rapport
    - re
    - reference
    - regard
    - relevance
    - unconnected
    * * *
    ♦ nf
    1. [nexo] relation, connection;
    con relación a, en relación con in relation to, with regard to;
    no hay ninguna relación entre los dos secuestros the two kidnappings are unrelated o unconnected;
    guardar relación con algo to be related to sth;
    no guardar relación con algo to bear no relation to sth;
    relación calidad-precio value for money;
    2. [comunicación, trato] relations, relationship;
    mantener relaciones con alguien to keep in touch with sb;
    tener o [m5] mantener buenas relaciones con alguien to be on good terms with sb
    relaciones comerciales [vínculos] business links; [comercio] trade;
    relaciones diplomáticas diplomatic relations;
    han roto las relaciones diplomáticas they have broken off diplomatic relations;
    relaciones internacionales international relations;
    relaciones laborales industrial relations;
    relación de pareja: [m5] los problemas de las relaciones de pareja relationship problems;
    dice que no necesita de la relación de pareja she says she doesn't need to be in a relationship with anybody;
    relaciones personales personal relationships;
    relaciones públicas [actividad] public relations, PR
    3. [lista] list
    4. [descripción] account
    5. [informe] report
    6.
    relaciones [noviazgo] relationship;
    llevan cinco años de relaciones they've been going out together for five years;
    un cursillo sobre las relaciones de pareja a course on being in a relationship;
    mantener relaciones prematrimoniales to have premarital sex;
    relaciones sexuales sexual relations
    7.
    relaciones [contactos] contacts, connections;
    tener buenas relaciones to be well connected
    8. Mat ratio
    ♦ nmf inv
    relaciones públicas [persona] public relations officer, PR officer
    * * *
    f
    1 relationship;
    la relación calidad-precio es muy buena it’s good value for money;
    relación causa-efecto cause and effect relationship;
    2 ( conexión) relation;
    no guardar relación con bear no relation to;
    con o
    en relación a with o in relation to
    * * *
    relación nf, pl - ciones
    1) : relation, connection, relevance
    2) : relationship
    3) relato: account
    4) lista: list
    5)
    en relación con : in relation to, concerning
    6)
    relacionespúblicas : public relations
    * * *
    1. (trato) relationship
    2. (correspondencia, unión) connection
    con relación a / en relación con with regard to / in relation to

    Spanish-English dictionary > relación

  • 6 πᾶς

    πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν gen. παντός, πάσης, παντός (dat. pl. πᾶσι and πᾶσιν vary considerably in the mss.; s. W-S. §5, 28; cp. Rob. 219–21; on the use of the art. s. B-D-F §275) (Hom. +).
    ① pert. to totality with focus on its individual components, each, every, any
    ⓐ adj., used w. a noun without the art.
    α. in the sing. emphasizing the individual members of the class denoted by the noun every, each, any, scarcely different in mng. fr. the pl. ‘all’: πᾶν δένδρον Mt 3:10; Lk 3:9. πᾶσα φυτεία Mt 15:13. πᾶσα φάραγξ, πᾶν ὄρος Lk 3:5 (Is 40:4). πᾶς τόπος 4:37. πᾶς ἄνθρωπος J 1:9; 2:10; Ro 3:4 (Ps 115:2); Gal 5:3; Col 1:28abd; Js 1:19. πᾶσα γυνή GJs 11:2. πᾶν ἔθνος Ac 17:26a. πᾶσα ψυχή (Pla., Phdr. 249e) 2:43; 3:23 (cp. Lev 23:29); Ro 2:9; Jd 15. πᾶσα ἡμέρα Ac 5:42; 17:17. πᾶν σάββατον 18:4. πᾶσα ἀρχὴ καὶ πᾶσα ἐξουσία 1 Cor 15:24 (cp. Just., D. 111, 2 οὗ τὸ ὄνομα πᾶσα ἀρχὴ δέδιεν). πᾶσα συνείδησις 2 Cor 4:2. πᾶς ἅγιος Phil 4:21. πᾶς οἶκος Hb 3:4 (GJs 7:3). πᾶσα ἀντιλογία 7:7. πᾶσα παιδεία all discipline 12:11. πᾶς ὀφθαλμός Rv 1:7a. πᾶν κτίσμα 5:13a.—Mt 23:35; Lk 2:23 (Ex 13:2); 4:13; 21:36; 2 Th 2:4 (Da 11:36). πᾶσα κτίσις every creature Col 1:15; ἐν πάσῃ κτίσει to every creature vs. 23. πᾶσα γραφή 2 Ti 3:16 (s. γραφή 2a).—πᾶσα σάρξ (כָּל־בָּשָׂר; used in the OT, also En 1:9; TestGad 7:2; GrBar 4:10; but not in EpArist, Philo, nor Joseph.) all flesh Lk 3:6 (Is 40:5); AcPlCor 2:6 and 16 (s. also 3b below). Mostly w. a neg. (so also En 14:21; 17:6) οὐ (or μή) … πᾶσα σάρξ no flesh = no one Mt 24:22; Mk 13:20; Ro 3:20; 1 Cor 1:29; Gal 2:16 (cp. GrBar 8:7 οὐκ ἂν ἐσώθη πᾶσα πνοή). Other sim. neg. expressions are also Hebraistic (s. B-D-F §302, 1; Mlt-H. 433f) οὐ … πᾶν ῥῆμα not a thing, nothing Lk 1:37 (cp. PRyl 113, 12f [133 A.D.] μὴ … πᾶν πρᾶγμα). οὐδέποτε ἔφαγον πᾶν κοινόν I have never eaten anything common Ac 10:14. Cp. Rv 7:1, 16; 9:4; 21:27. Also in reverse order, πᾶς … οὐ or μή (Ex 12:16; Sir 8:19; 10:6, but s. also GLee, ET 63, ’51f, 156) 18:22; Eph 4:29; 5:5; 2 Pt 1:20; 1J 2:21; 3:15b.—Only rarely is a ptc. used w. πᾶς in this way: παντὸς ἀκούοντος when anyone hears Mt 13:19. παντὶ ὀφείλοντι Lk 11:4 (Mlt-Turner 196f).
    β. w. a noun in the pl., without the art. πάντες ἄνθρωποι all people/men, everyone (Lysias 12, 60; Andoc. 3, 25; X., Cyr. 7, 5, 52, Mem. 4, 4, 19; Demosth. 8, 5; 18, 72) Ac 22:15; Ro 5:12a, 18ab; 12:17, 18; 1 Cor 7:7; 15:19; 2 Cor 3:2; Phil 4:5; 1 Th 2:15; 1 Ti 2:4; 4:10; Tit 2:11. πάντες ἄγγελοι θεοῦ Hb 1:6 (Dt 32:43; cp. Demosth. 18, 294 πάντες θεοί).
    ⓑ adj. used with a noun or ptc. with the art.
    α. in the sing. Oft. πᾶς ὁ, πάσα ἡ, πᾶν τό is used w. a ptc. (B-D-F §413, 2 and 3) every one who, whoever πᾶς ὁ (Soph., Aj. 152; Demosth. 23, 97; Sir 22:2, 26; 1 Macc 1:52; 2:27) πᾶς ὁ ὀργιζόμενος Mt 5:22. Cp. vss. 28, 32; 7:8, 26 (=πᾶς ὅστις vs. 24; s. below); Lk 6:47; 11:10; 14:11; 16:18; 18:14; 19:26; J 3:8, 15f, 20; 4:13; 6:40; 8:34; 18:37; Ac 10:43b; 13:39; Ro 2:1, 10; 10:4, 11; 1 Cor 9:25; Gal 3:13; 2 Ti 2:19; Hb 5:13; 1J 2:23, 29 al.; 2J 9; Rv 22:18.—πᾶν τό everything that (1 Macc 10:41): πᾶν τὸ εἰσπορευόμενον Mt 15:17; Mk 7:18. πᾶν τὸ ὀφειλόμενον Mt 18:34. πᾶν τὸ πωλούμενον 1 Cor 10:25; cp. vs. 27. πᾶν τὸ φανερούμενον Eph 5:14. πᾶν τὸ γεγεννημένον 1J 5:4.—An equivalent of this expr. is πᾶς ὅς (or ὅστις), πᾶν ὅ every one who, whatever (s. above and s. B-D-F §293, 1; 413, 2; Rob. 727; 957), masc.: Mt 7:24; 10:32; 19:29; Lk 12:8, 10 (RHolst, ZNW 63, ’72, 122–24), 48; 14:33; Ac 2:21 (πᾶς ὸ̔ς ἐάν, s. Jo 2:32); Ro 10:13 (πᾶς ὸ̔ς ἄν, s. Jo 3:5); Gal 3:10. Neut. (Jdth 12:14.—Jos., Ant. 5, 211 πᾶν ὅ = πάντες οἱ): J 6:37, 39; 17:2b; Ro 14:23; Col 3:17 (πᾶν ὅ τι ἐάν).
    β. w. a noun in the pl., w. the art. all
    א. w. substantives: πᾶσαι αἱ γενεαί Mt 1:17; Lk 1:48; Eph 3:21; GJs 6:2 al. πάντας τοὺς ἀρχιερεῖς Mt 2:4. Cp. vs. 16; 4:8; 11:13; Mk 4:13, 31f; 6:33; Lk 1:6; 2:51; 6:26; J 18:20; Ac 1:18; 3:18; 10:12, 43a; 14:16; Ro 1:5; 15:11 (Ps 116:1); 16:4; 1 Cor 12:26ab; 2 Cor 8:18; 11:28; Eph 4:10; 6:16b; Col 2:13; 1 Ti 6:10; Hb 4:4 (Gen 2:2 and 3); 9:21; Js 1:8; Rv 1:7b; 7:11; 15:4 al.—Used w. a demonstr. pron.: πᾶσαι αἱ παρθένοι ἐκεῖναι Mt 25:7. πάντας τοὺς λόγους τούτους 26:1. πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ταῦτα Lk 1:65; 2:19.—Somet. following the noun: τὰς πόλεις πάσας Mt 9:35; Ac 8:40. οἱ μαθηταὶ πάντες the disciples, one and all Mt 26:56. αἱ θύραι πᾶσαι Ac 16:26a. Cp. Ro 16:16; 1 Cor 7:17; 13:2a; 15:7; 16:20; 1 Th 5:26; 2 Ti 4:21; Rv 8:3. οἱ Ἱεροσολυμῖται πάντες Mk 1:5.—On the position of ἐκεῖνος, ἕνεκα, πᾶς s. NTurner, VetusT 5, ’55, 208–13.
    ב. w. participles πάντες οἱ: πάντες οἱ κακῶς ἔχοντες Mt 4:24. πάντες οἱ κοπιῶντες 11:28; cp. 21:12; 26:52; Lk 1:66; 2:47; 13:17; Ac 1:19; 2:44; 4:16; 5:5, 11; 6:15; 9:14; 28:30; Ro 1:7; 4:11; 1 Cor 1:2; Eph 6:24; 1 Th 1:7; 2 Th 1:10; 2 Ti 3:12; 4:8; Hb 5:9; 13:24; 2J 1; Rv 13:8; 18:24. Following the ptc. οἱ κατοικοῦντες πάντες Ac 2:14. ἐν τοῖς ἡγιασμένοις πᾶσιν 20:32.—πάντα τά: πάντα τὰ γενόμενα Mt 18:31. πάντα τὰ ὑπάρχοντα 24:47; Lk 12:44; 1 Cor 13:3. Cp. Lk 17:10; 18:31; 21:36; J 18:4; Ac 10:33b. Used w. a demonstr. pron.: περὶ πάντων τῶν συμβεβηκότων τούτων Lk 24:14. Following: τὰ γινόμενα πάντα 9:7.
    ג. w. prepositional expressions, w. which ὄντες (ὄντα) is to be supplied (TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 24 [Stone p. 10] πάντα τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς τραπέζης; 4 [6] Esdr [POxy 1010] πάντες σου οἱ ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις): πάντες οἱ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ Mt 5:15; Ac 16:32. πάντες οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ Lk 5:9. πάντες οἱ ἐν τοῖς μνημείοις J 5:28. πάντες οἱ εἰς μακράν Ac 2:39. Cp. 5:17. πάντες οἱ ἐξ Ἰσραήλ Ro 9:6. Cp. 2 Ti 1:15; 1 Pt 5:14. πάντα τὰ ἐν αὐτοῖς Ac 4:24; 14:15 (Ex 20:11); cp. 17:24. Following: οἱ μετʼ ἐμοῦ πάντες Tit 3:15a (πάντες οἱ μετʼ αὐτοῦ JosAs 27:7).
    ⓒ π. used w. pronouns
    α. w. personal pronouns: πάντες ἡμεῖς we all Ac 2:32; 10:33a; 26:14; 28:2; Ro 4:16b. πάντες ὑμεῖς Mt 23:8; 26:31; Lk 9:48; Ac 4:10a; 22:3; Ro 1:8; 15:33; 2 Cor 7:15; Gal 3:28; Phil 1:4, 7ab, 8; 1 Th 1:2; 2 Th 3:16c, 18; Tit 3:15b; Hb 13:25. πάντες αὐτοί Ac 4:33; 19:17b; 20:36. Following the pron.: ἡμεῖς πάντες J 1:16; Ro 8:32a; 2 Cor 3:18; Eph 2:3. ὑμεῖς πάντες Ac 20:25. αὐτοὶ πάντες Mt 12:15; 1 Cor 15:10. W. art. οἱ πάντες ἡμεῖς 2 Cor 5:10.
    β. w. a demonstr. pron.: πάντες οὗτοι these all, all these Ac 2:7 v.l. Mostly following the pron.: οὗτοι πάντες 1:14; 17:7; Hb 11:13, 39. πάντα ταῦτα Mt 6:32; 24:8; Lk 7:18; Ac 24:8; 1 Cor 12:11; Col 3:14; 1 Th 4:6; Hm 5, 2, 5 cj. Joly. ταῦτα πάντα Mt 4:9; 6:33; 13:34, 51; Lk 12:30; Ac 7:50; Ro 8:37; 2 Pt 3:11.
    γ. πάντες ὅσοι, πάντα ὅσα all who, everything that, masc.: Lk 4:40 v.l. (for ἅπαντες); J 10:8. Neut. (TestAbr A 9 p. 86, 17 [Stone p. 20]; TestJob 4:2; GrBar 7:2; Philo, Aet. M. 15; 28; Jos., Ant. 8, 242; Just., A I, 44, 9) Mt 7:12; 13:46; 18:25; 21:22; Mk 11:24; 12:44b; Lk 18:12, 22; J 10:41. πάντες, ὸ̔ς ἄν Hs 7:7.
    ⓓ subst.
    α. πάντες, πᾶσαι all, everyone (even when only two are involved = both: Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 27 §105 [Caesar and Pompey]) Mt 10:22; 14:20; 15:37; 21:26; 26:27; Mk 1:37; 5:20; Lk 1:63 and oft. πάντες ἥμαρτον Ro 5:12 (on the sinfulness of πάντες cp. the saying of Bias s.v. πολύς 1aβא; FDanker, Ro 5:12, Sin under Law, NTS 14, ’68, 430, n. 1).—οὐ πάντες not everyone Mt 19:11. Cp. J 13:10; Ro 10:16.—πάντων as partitive and comparative gen. ὕστερον πάντων last of all Mt 22:27; cp. Mk 12:22, 43. Even in ref. to a fem. (Thu. 4, 52, 3; Aristoph., Av. 472) ἐντολὴ πρώτη πάντων Mk 12:28 (but s. B-D-F §164, 1).
    β. πάντα all things, everything. Abs. (Chrysippus in Stob., Ecl. 1, 1, 26 p. 31 W.; Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 6; M. Ant. 4, 23; Ael. Aristid. 43, 9 K.=1 p. 3 D.: ἀρχὴ ἁπάντων Ζεύς τε καὶ ἐκ Διὸς πάντα; Herm. Wr. 5, 10; Hymn to Selene in PGM 4, 2838f ἐκ σέο γὰρ πάντʼ ἐστὶ καὶ εἰς σʼ, αἰώνιε, πάντα τελευτᾷ [s. 4dβ]; PGM 5, 139; PKöln VI, 245, 16 of Athena [s. ed.’s comments]) Mt 11:27 = Lk 10:22 (s. the lit. on this pass. s.v. υἱός 2dβ. The word πάντα here is variously understood of authority and power [so ASchlatter (Mt), FBüchsel (TW II 173) et al.] or of knowledge and teaching: ENorden [Agn. Th. 288], TZahn [Mt], Grundmann [Lk] et al.; also JFitzmyer: “the knowledge of the mutual relation of himself and God” [AB Comm. Luke II 874]. IMarshall [Lk] follows BReicke [TW V 993 n. 289] and opts for both power and knowledge); J 1:3; 3:35; 21:17; 1 Cor 2:10; 15:27a (Ps 8:7), b, 28cd (πάντα ἐν πᾶσιν w. a somewhat different coloring: Dio Chrys. 54 [71], 1); Eph 1:22a (Ps 8:7); Rv 21:5. Here we may class ὁ ὢν ἐπὶ πάντων θεός (cp. Aristobulus in Eus., PE 8, 10, 10; 13, 12, 4 ἐπὶ πάντων εἶναι τ. θεόν; Porphyr., Vi. Plot. 23 τῷ ἐπὶ πᾶσι θεῷ) God, who rules over all Ro 9:5 (θεός 2). ὁ πάντων δεσπότης GJs 20:3 (codd.); cp. 11:2.—Of a ‘whole’ that is implied fr. the context: πάντα ἀποδώσω σοι Mt 18:26. Cp. 22:4; Mk 4:34; Lk 1:3; Ro 8:28 (s. Black s.v. συνεργέω); 2 Cor 6:10; Gal 4:1; Phil 2:14; 1 Th 5:21; 2 Ti 2:10; Tit 1:15; 1J 2:27; GJs 18:3 codd. πάντα ὑμῶν ἐστιν everything is yours, belongs to you 1 Cor 3:21, cp. 22 (Plut., Cic. 873 [25, 4] πάντα τοῦ σοφοῦ εἶναι; Diog. L. 6, 72). πάντα ὑμῶν everything you do 16:14. πρῶτον πάντων 1 Ti 2:1. πάντα four times as anaphora (rhetorical repetition) 1 Cor 13:7 (cp. Libanius, Or. 3 p. 275, 4 πάντα φθεγγόμενοι, πάντα ἐργαζόμενοι, πάντα χαριζόμενοι).—The acc. of specification stands almost in the sense of an adv. (B-D-F §154; Rob. 487) πάντα in all respects, in every way, altogether (Hom. et al.; Aelian, VH 12, 25; Jos., Ant. 9, 166; SibOr 3, 205; Ath. 35, 2) Ac 20:35 (perh. always, as Ps.-Lucian, Asin. 22 p. 590); 1 Cor 9:25b. πάντα πᾶσιν ἀρέσκω (s. ἀρέσκω 2a) 10:33; 11:2. Cp. KGrobel, JBL 66, ’47, 366 and s. τὰ πάντα in 4dβ below.—W. a prep.: εἰς πάντα in all respects, in every way (Pla., Charm. 6, 158a, Leg. 5, 738a; Appian, Iber. 17 §64, Bell. Civ. 4, 92 §385; BGU 798, 7) 2 Cor 2:9. ἐν πᾶσιν in all respects, in every way (PGiss 69, 8; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 112 §467 [here ἐν ἅπασιν=in all respects]; Just., D. 80, 1 ἀσφαλὴς ἐν πᾶσι); 1 Ti 3:11; 2 Ti 2:7; 4:5; Tit 2:9, 10b; Hb 13:4, 18; 1 Pt 4:11. Perh. also Eph 1:23b. ἐν πᾶσι τούτοις in (or besides) all this (Sir 48:15; Job 2:10; 12:9; cp. Plut., Mor. 98f) Lk 16:26. κατὰ πάντα, s. κατά B 6. περὶ πάντων in every way (Mitt-Wilck I/2, 6, 9; SibOr 1, 198) 3J 2. πρὸ πάντων above all, especially (PRein 18, 27 [II B.C.]; BGU 811, 3; PAmh 135, 2; Just., D. 7, 3) Js 5:12; 1 Pt 4:8.
    ② any entity out of a totality, any and every, every
    ⓐ as adj. w. a noun in the sing. without the article every, any and every, just any, any at all μὴ παντὶ πνεύματι πιστεύετε do not believe just any spirit 1J 4:1. περιφερόμενοι παντὶ ἀνέμῳ τῆς διδασκαλίας Eph 4:14. περὶ παντὸς πράγματος about anything Mt 18:19. κατὰ πᾶσαν αἰτίαν for any reason at all 19:3. Cp. 4:4=Lk 4:4 v.l. (Dt 8:3); Mt 12:31; 2 Cor 1:4b (on ἐπὶ πάσῃ τῇ θλίψει ἡμῶν vs. 4a see 3b below).
    ⓑ as subst. without the art.
    α. πᾶς everyone without exception Lk 16:16.
    β. πᾶν, w. prep.: διὰ παντός s. διά A 2a. ἐν παντί in every respect or way, in everything (Pla., Symp. 194a; X., Hell. 5, 4, 29; SIG 1169, 27; Sir 18:27; 4 Macc 8:3; GrBar 9:8) πλουτίζεσθαι 1 Cor 1:5; 2 Cor 9:11. Cp. 2 Cor 4:8; 7:5, 11, 16; 8:7; 9:8b; 11:6a, 9; Eph 5:24; Phil 4:6; 1 Th 5:18.
    ③ marker of the highest degree of someth., all
    ⓐ as adj. w. a noun in the sing. without the art. full, greatest, all (Pla., Rep. 9, 575a; Demosth. 18, 279 al.; ins, freq. in accolades; pap.: New Docs 8 p. 62, 10 μετὰ πάσης πίστεως καὶ ἐπιμελείας ‘with all fidelity and care’; LXX; Tat. 39, 1 μετὰ πάσης ἀκριβείας) μετὰ παρρησίας πάσης Ac 4:29. ἐν πάσῃ ἀσφαλείᾳ 5:23. πάσῃ συνειδήσει ἀγαθῇ in all good conscience 23:1. Cp. 17:11; 24:3; 2 Cor 9:8b; 12:12; Eph 4:2. ἐν πάσῃ προσκαρτερήσει with the greatest perseverance 6:18c. Cp. Phil 1:20; 2:29; Col 1:11ab; 1 Ti 2:2b, 11; 3:4; 4:9; 5:2; Tit 2:15; Js 1:2; 2 Pt 1:5; Jd 3 al. ὑπομένειν πᾶσαν ὑπομονήν practice patient endurance to the limit Pol 9:1.
    ⓑ in related vein as adj. with noun in the sing. w. the art. all ἐπὶ πάσῃ τῇ θλίψει ἡμῶν in all our trouble 2 Cor 1:4a (on ἐν πάσῃ θλίψει vs. 4b s. 2a above); 7:4; 1 Th 3:7. ἐπὶ πάσῃ τῇ μνείᾳ ὑμῶν in all remembrance of you Phil 1:3. πᾶσαν τὴν μέριμναν ὑμῶν all your care 1 Pt 5:7. τὸν πάντα χρόνον AcPlCor 2:4; τὴν πᾶσαν σάρκα 2:11 (cp. 1aα).
    ④ pert. to a high degree of completeness or wholeness, whole
    ⓐ as adj. w. a noun in the sing., without the art. all, the whole before proper names, mostly geographic (X., Hell. 4, 8, 28 προστάται πάσης Λέσβου ἔσονται al.; LXX) πᾶσα Ἱεροσόλυμα Mt 2:3 (s. Ἱερ.). πᾶς Ἰσραήλ (3 Km 8:65; 11:16; 1 Esdr 1:19; 5:45, 58; Jdth 15:14) Ro 11:26 (s. W-S. §20, 11a and b; Rob. 772). The OT is also the source of πᾶς οἶκος Ἰσραήλ (1 Km 7:2, 3) Ac 2:36 and, in subject matter, ἐπὶ παντὸς προσώπου τῆς γῆς 17:26b (but Gen 2:6 has πᾶν τὸ πρόσωπον τῆς γῆς, and 7:23; 11:4, 8, 9 ἐπὶ προσώπου [or πρόσωπον] πάσης τῆς γῆς).—Perh. πᾶσα οἰκοδομή Eph 2:21 (s. W-S. §20:11 b; Rob. 772; Mlt-Turner 199f; MDibelius, Hdb. ad loc.; M. Ant. 6, 36, 1; OGI 383, 86ff).
    ⓑ w. a noun in the sing., w. the art. the whole, all (the). Preceding the noun that has the art.: πᾶσα ἡ Ἰουδαία καὶ πᾶσα ἡ περίχωρος Mt 3:5. πᾶσα ἡ ἀγέλη the whole herd 8:32. Cp. vs. 34; 13:2; 21:10; 27:25, 45; Mk 2:13; 4:1. πᾶσα ἡ ἀλήθεια 5:33. πᾶσα ἡ κτίσις the whole creation (TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 7 [Stone p. 32]) Mk 16:15; Ro 8:22. Cp. Lk 1:10; 2:1, 10; Ac 3:9, 11; 5:21; 15:12. πᾶς ὁ κόσμος Ro 3:19b; Col 1:6. πᾶν τὸ σπέρμα Ro 4:16. πᾶσα ἡ γῆ 9:17 (Ex 9:16); Lk 4:25. πᾶσα ἡ γνῶσις, πᾶσα ἡ πίστις 1 Cor 13:2bc. πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα Eph 3:19; Col 1:19; 2:9. πᾶν τὸ σῶμα Eph 4:16; Col 2:19. Cp. Hb 9:19bc. W. a demonstrative pron. πᾶς ὁ λαὸς οὗτος all these people Lk 9:13. πᾶσα ἡ ὀφειλὴ ἐκείνη Mt 18:32.—Following the noun that has the article: τὴν κρίσιν πᾶσαν the whole matter of judgment J 5:22. εἰς τὴν ἀλήθειαν πᾶσαν into truth in all its outreach 16:13. τὴν ἐξουσίαν … πᾶσαν Rv 13:12.
    ⓒ πᾶς and πάντες stand attributively betw. art. and noun, when the noun is regarded as a whole, in contrast to its individual parts (cp. Kühner-G. I 632f).
    α. sing. (Thu. 2, 7, 2 ὁ πᾶς ἀριθμόσ=‘the whole number’; 8, 93, 2 τὸ πᾶν πλῆθος; X., Mem. 1, 2, 8 εἰς τὸν πάντα βίον; Pla., Gorg. 470e ἡ πᾶσα εὐδαιμονία; 2 Macc 2:17; 3 Macc 1:29; 6:14; 4 Macc 3:8) ὁ πᾶς νόμος the whole law Gal 5:14. τὸν πάντα χρόνον Ac 20:18.
    β. pl. (X., An. 5, 6, 7 οἱ πάντες ἄνθρωποι; Pla., Theaet. 204a τὰ πάντα μέρη) αἱ πᾶσαι ψυχαί all the souls Ac 27:37. οἱ κατὰ τὰ ἔθνη πάντες Ἰουδαῖοι 21:21. οἱ σὺν αὐτοῖς πάντες ἅγιοι Ro 16:15. οἱ σὺν ἐμοὶ πάντες ἀδελφοί Gal 1:2.—W. numerals (Hdt. 7, 4; Thu. 1, 60, l) οἱ πάντες ἄνδρες ὡσεὶ δώδεκα the whole number of the men was about twelve Ac 19:7.—JBover, Uso del adjetivo singular πᾶς en San Pablo: Biblica 19, ’38, 411–34.
    ⓓ as subst.
    α. οἱ πάντες all (of them) (in contrast to a part) Ro 11:32ab; 1 Cor 9:22 (s. HChadwick, NTS 1, ’55, 261–75); Phil 2:21. (We, they) all Mk 14:64; 1 Cor 10:17; 2 Cor 5:14b. μέχρι καταντήσωμεν οἱ πάντες until we all attain Eph 4:13.
    β. τὰ πάντα. In the abs. sense of the whole of creation all things, the universe (Pla., Ep. 6, 323d τῶν πάντων θεός; hymn to Selene in EAbel, Orphica [1885] 294, 36 εἰς σὲ τὰ πάντα τελευτᾶ [s. 1dβ beg.]; Herm. Wr. 13, 17 τ. κτίσαντα τὰ πάντα; JosAs 8:2 ζωοποιήσας τὰ πάντα; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 208, Rer. Div. Her. 36, Somn. 1, 241; Just., A I, 67, 2 τὸν ποιητὴν τῶν πάντων; PGM 1, 212 κύριε τῶν πάντων; 4, 3077) Ro 11:36 (Musaeus: Vorsokr. 2 A 4 [in Diog. L. 1, 3] ἐξ ἑνὸς τὰ πάντα γίνεσθαι καὶ εἰς ταὐτὸν ἀναλύεσθαι. Cp. Norden, Agn. Th. 240–50); 1 Cor 8:6ab; 15:28ab; Eph 3:9; 4:10b; Phil 3:21; Col 1:16ab, 17b (HHegermann, D. Vorstellung vom Schöpfungsmittler etc., TU 82, ’61, 88ff); Hb 1:3; 2:10ab; Rv 4:11; 1 Cl 34:2; PtK 2 (four times).—In the relative sense, indicated by the context, everything (Κυπρ. I p. 42 no. 29 τὰς στοὰς καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐταῖς πάντα; PGiss 2, 14 [II B.C.] in a bill: τὰ π.=everything taken together) ἐν παραβολαῖς τὰ πάντα γίνεται everything (=all the instruction) is in parables Mk 4:11. Cp. Ac 17:25b; Ro 8:32b. Of everything in heaven and earth that is in need of uniting and redeeming Eph 1:10 (EWalter, Christus u. d. Kosmos [Eph 1:10] ’48); Col 1:20. τὰ πάντα they all (of the members of the body) 1 Cor 12:19. The neut. is also used of persons: Gal 3:22; cp. 1 Ti 6:13 (here including humankind and everything else that possesses life).—As acc. of specification, almost like an adv.: τὰ πάντα in all respects (Appian, Prooem. 6 §23) Eph 4:15 (s. 1dβ).—As a summation of what precedes all this (PCairZen 741, 16; 742, 22; BGU 1509 [all III B.C.]) 2 Cor 4:15; Phil 3:8b; Col 3:8.—Furthermore, πάντες can also have the limited sense nearly all (Xenophon Eph. 2, 13, 4 πάντας ἀπέκτεινεν, ὀλίγους δὲ καὶ ζῶντας ἔλαβε. μόνος δὲ ὁ Ἱππόθοος ἠδυνήθη διαφυγεῖν).—Mlt-Turner 199–201.
    ⑤ everything belonging, in kind, to the class designated by the noun, every kind of, all sorts of, adj. for the words παντοδαπός and παντοῖος, which are lacking in our lit.: πᾶσα νόσος καὶ πᾶσα μαλακία Mt 4:23. γέμουσιν πάσης ἀκαθαρσίας they are full of all kinds of uncleanness 23:27 (Ar. 15, 6). πᾶσα ἐξουσία 28:18. ἀπὸ παντὸς ἔθνους from every kind of nation Ac 2:5. Cp. 7:22; 13:10ab; Ro 1:18, 29. πᾶσα ἐπιθυμία (evil) desire of every kind 7:8. ἐν παντὶ λόγῳ καὶ πάσῃ γνώσει 1 Cor 1:5b. πᾶν ἁμάρτημα every kind of sin 6:18. Cp. 2 Cor 7:1; 9:8bc; 10:5ab; Eph 1:3, 8, 21a; 4:19; 5:3; Phil 1:9; 2 Th 2:17. πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθόν Tit 1:16; 3:1. Cp. 2:14; Hb 13:21. πᾶσα δόσις, πᾶν δώρημα Js 1:17 (W-S. §20, 11b). Cp. vs. 21; 1 Pt 2:1ab; Rv 8:7 al.—B. 919. Schmidt, Syn. IV, 540–54, s. ἕκαστος and ὅλος. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > πᾶς

  • 7 Intelligence

       There is no mystery about it: the child who is familiar with books, ideas, conversation-the ways and means of the intellectual life-before he begins school, indeed, before he begins consciously to think, has a marked advantage. He is at home in the House of intellect just as the stableboy is at home among horses, or the child of actors on the stage. (Barzun, 1959, p. 142)
       It is... no exaggeration to say that sensory-motor intelligence is limited to desiring success or practical adaptation, whereas the function of verbal or conceptual thought is to know and state truth. (Piaget, 1954, p. 359)
       ntelligence has two parts, which we shall call the epistemological and the heuristic. The epistemological part is the representation of the world in such a form that the solution of problems follows from the facts expressed in the representation. The heuristic part is the mechanism that on the basis of the information solves the problem and decides what to do. (McCarthy & Hayes, 1969, p. 466)
       Many scientists implicitly assume that, among all animals, the behavior and intelligence of nonhuman primates are most like our own. Nonhuman primates have relatively larger brains and proportionally more neocortex than other species... and it now seems likely that humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas shared a common ancestor as recently as 5 to 7 million years ago.... This assumption about the unique status of primate intelligence is, however, just that: an assumption. The relations between intelligence and measures of brain size is poorly understood, and evolutionary affinity does not always ensure behavioral similarity. Moreover, the view that nonhuman primates are the animals most like ourselves coexists uneasily in our minds with the equally pervasive view that primates differ fundamentally from us because they lack language; lacking language, they also lack many of the capacities necessary for reasoning and abstract thought. (Cheney & Seyfarth, 1990, p. 4)
       Few constructs are asked to serve as many functions in psychology as is the construct of human intelligence.... Consider four of the main functions addressed in theory and research on intelligence, and how they differ from one another.
       1. Biological. This type of account looks at biological processes. To qualify as a useful biological construct, intelligence should be a biochemical or biophysical process or at least somehow a resultant of biochemical or biophysical processes.
       2. Cognitive approaches. This type of account looks at molar cognitive representations and processes. To qualify as a useful mental construct, intelligence should be specifiable as a set of mental representations and processes that are identifiable through experimental, mathematical, or computational means.
       3. Contextual approaches. To qualify as a useful contextual construct, intelligence should be a source of individual differences in accomplishments in "real-world" performances. It is not enough just to account for performance in the laboratory. On [sic] the contextual view, what a person does in the lab may not even remotely resemble what the person would do outside it. Moreover, different cultures may have different conceptions of intelligence, which affect what would count as intelligent in one cultural context versus another.
       4. Systems approaches. Systems approaches attempt to understand intelligence through the interaction of cognition with context. They attempt to establish a link between the two levels of analysis, and to analyze what forms this link takes. (Sternberg, 1994, pp. 263-264)
       High but not the highest intelligence, combined with the greatest degrees of persistence, will achieve greater eminence than the highest degree of intelligence with somewhat less persistence. (Cox, 1926, p. 187)
       There are no definitive criteria of intelligence, just as there are none for chairness; it is a fuzzy-edged concept to which many features are relevant. Two people may both be quite intelligent and yet have very few traits in common-they resemble the prototype along different dimensions.... [Intelligence] is a resemblance between two individuals, one real and the other prototypical. (Neisser, 1979, p. 185)
       Given the complementary strengths and weaknesses of the differential and information-processing approaches, it should be possible, at least in theory, to synthesise an approach that would capitalise upon the strength of each approach, and thereby share the weakness of neither. (Sternberg, 1977, p. 65)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Intelligence

  • 8 ber-serkr

    s, m., pl. ir: [the etymology of this word has been much contested; some—upon the authority of Snorri, hans menn fóru ‘brynjulausir,’ Hkr. i. 11—derive it from ‘berr’ ( bare) and ‘serkr’ [cp. sark, Scot. for shirt]; but this etymology is inadmissible, because ‘serkr’ is a subst. not an adj.: others derive it from ‘berr’ (Germ. bär = ursus), which is greatly to be preferred, for in olden ages athletes and champions used to wear hides of bears, wolves, and reindeer (as skins of lions in the south), hence the names Bjálfi, Bjarnhéðinn, Úlfhéðinn, (héðinn, pellis,)—‘pellibus aut parvis rhenonum tegimentis utuntur,’ Caes. Bell. Gall. vi. 22: even the old poets understood the name so, as may be seen in the poem of Hornklofi (beginning of 10th century), a dialogue between a Valkyrja and a raven, where the Valkyrja says, at berserkja reiðu vil ek þik spyrja, to which the raven replies, Úlfhéðnar heita, they are called Wolfcoats, cp. the Vd. ch. 9; þeir berserkir er Úlfhéðnar vóru kallaðir, þeir höfðu vargstakka ( coats of wild beasts) fyrir brynjur, Fs. 17]:—a ‘bear-sark,’ ‘bear-coat,’ i. e. a wild warrior or champion of the heathen age; twelve berserkers are mentioned as the chief followers of several kings of antiquity, e. g. of the Dan. king Rolf Krake, Edda 82; a Swed. king, Gautr. S. Fas. iii. 36; king Adils, Hrólf. Kr. S. ch. 16 sqq.; Harald Hárfagri, Eg. ch. 9, Grett. ch. 2, Vd. l. c. (Hornklofi, v. above); the twelve sons of Arngrim, Hervar. S. ch. 3–5, Hdl. 22, 23; the two berserkers sent as a present by king Eric at Upsala to earl Hakon of Norway, and by him presented to an Icel. nobleman, Eb. ch. 25. In battle the berserkers were subject to fits of frenzy, called berserks-gangr (furor bersercicus, cp. the phrase, ganga berserksgang), when they howled like wild beasts, foamed at the mouth and gnawed the iron rim of their shields; during these fits they were, according to popular belief, proof against steel and fire, and made great havoc in the ranks of the enemy; but when the fever abated they were weak and tame. A graphical description of the ‘furor bersercicus’ is found in the Sagas, Yngl. S. ch. 6, Hervar. S. l. c., Eg. ch. 27, 67, Grett. ch. 42, Eb. ch. 25, Nj. ch. 104, Kristni S. ch. 2, 8 (Vd. ch. 46); cp. also a passage in the poem of Hornklofi | grenjuðu berserkir, | guðr var þeim á sinnum, | emjaðu Úlfhéðnar | ok ísarn gniiðu—which lines recall to the mind Roman descriptions of the Cimbric war-cry. In the Icel. Jus Eccles. the berserksgangr, as connected with the heathen age, is liable to the lesser outlawry, K. Þ. K. 78; it is mentioned as a sort of possession in Vd. ch. 37, and as healed by a vow to God. In the Dropl. S. Major (in MS.) it is medically described as a disease (v. the whole extract in the essay ‘De furore Bersercico,’ Kristni S. old Ed. in cake); but this Saga is modern, probably of the first part of the 17th century. The description of these champions has a rather mythical character. A somewhat different sort of berserker is also recorded in Norway as existing in gangs of professional bullies, roaming about from house to house, challenging husbandmen to ‘holmgang’ ( duel), extorting ransom (leysa sik af hólmi), and, in case of victory, carrying off wives, sisters, or daughters; but in most cases the damsel is happily rescued by some travelling Icelander, who fights and kills the berserker. The most curious passages are Glúm, ch. 4, 6, Gísl. ch. 1 (cp. Sir Edm. Head’s and Mr. Dasent’s remarks in the prefaces), Grett. ch. 21, 42, Eg. ch. 67, Flóam. S. ch. 15, 17; according to Grett. ch. 21, these banditti were made outlaws by earl Eric, A. D. 1012. It is worth noticing that no berserker is described as a native of Icel.; the historians are anxious to state that those who appeared in Icel. (Nj., Eb., Kr. S. l. c.) were born Norse (or Swedes), and they were looked upon with fear and execration. That men of the heathen age were taken with fits of the ‘furor athleticus’ is recorded in the case of Thorir in the Vd., the old Kveldulf in Eg., and proved by the fact that the law set a penalty upon it. Berserkr now and then occurs as a nickname, Glúm. 378. The author of the Yngl. S. attributes the berserksgangr to Odin and his followers, but this is a sheer misinterpretation, or perhaps the whole passage is a rude paraphrase of Hm. 149 sqq. In the old Hbl. 37 berserkr and giant are used synonymously. The berserkers are the representatives of mere brute force, and it therefore sounds almost blasphemous, when the Norse Barl. S. speaks of Guðs berserkr (a ‘bear-coat’ or champion of God), (Jesus Kristr gleymdi eigi hólmgöngu sins berserks), 54, 197. With the introduction of Christianity this championship disappeared altogether.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > ber-serkr

  • 9 hueco

    adj.
    1 hollow.
    2 soulless.
    3 empty, meaningless.
    m.
    hole, gap, cavity, chuckhole.
    * * *
    1 hollow
    ■ pared hueca hollow wall, stud wall
    2 (vacío) empty
    3 (cóncavo) concave
    4 (sonido) hollow; (voz) deep
    5 (mullido) spongy, soft
    6 figurado (presumido) vain, conceited
    7 (estilo etc) affected, empty
    1 (cavidad) hollow, hole
    2 (de tiempo) slot, free time; (de espacio) empty space
    4 ARQUITECTURA opening
    \
    dejar un hueco to leave a gap
    hacer un hueco a alguien to make room for somebody
    llenar un hueco figurado to fill a need, fill a gap
    hueco de la ventana window recess
    hueco del ascensor lift shaft, (US elevator shaft)
    ————————
    1 (cavidad) hollow, hole
    2 (de tiempo) slot, free time; (de espacio) empty space
    4 ARQUITECTURA opening
    * * *
    1. (f. - hueca)
    adj.
    2. noun m.
    1) hole, hollow
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [árbol, tubo] hollow
    2) [lana, tierra] soft
    3) [blusa, chaqueta] loose
    4) [sonido] hollow; [voz] booming, resonant
    5) (=insustancial) [palabras, promesas, retórica] empty
    6) (=pedante) [estilo, lenguaje] pompous
    7) [persona] (=orgulloso) proud; (=engreído) conceited, smug

    la típica rubia hueca — pey the usual blonde bimbo *

    2. SM
    1) (=agujero) [en valla, muro] hole

    el hueco del ascensor — the lift o (EEUU) elevator shaft

    2) (=espacio libre) space; [entre árboles] gap, opening

    el hueco que quedaba entre las dos mesas — the gap o space between the two tables

    solo hay huecos en la primera fila — the only places o spaces are in the front row

    • hacer (un) hueco a algn — to make space for sb

    ¿me haces un hueco? — can you make some room for me?

    3) [en texto] gap, blank
    4) [en mercado, organización] gap

    • abrirse o hacerse un hueco — to carve o create a niche for oneself

    aspiran a abrirse un hueco en el mundo de la música pop — they are hoping to carve o create a niche for themselves in the pop world

    • llenar u ocupar un hueco — to fill a gap

    5) (=cavidad) hollow
    6) (=nicho) recess, alcove
    7) (=en una empresa) vacancy
    8) [de tiempo]

    hizo un hueco en su programa para recibirlos — he made space in his schedule to see them, he managed to fit them into his schedule

    9) Méx ** (=homosexual) queer **, faggot (EEUU) **
    10) (Tip) = huecograbado
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo
    1)
    a) [estar] <árbol/bola> hollow; < nuez> empty, hollow

    tienes la cabeza hueca — (fam & hum) you've got a head full of sawdust (colloq & hum)

    b) [ser] ( vacío) < palabras> empty; < estilo> superficial; < persona> shallow, superficial
    c) ( esponjoso) < lana> soft; < colchón> soft, spongy
    d) <sonido/tos> hollow; < voz> resonant
    2) ( orgulloso) proud
    II
    1)
    a) ( cavidad)
    b) ( espacio libre) space

    ¿no puedes hacer un huequito para verlo hoy? — can't you squeeze o fit him in somewhere today?

    2) ( concavidad) hollow
    3) (Andes, Ven) (agujero, hoyo) hole; ( en la calle) hole, pothole
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo
    1)
    a) [estar] <árbol/bola> hollow; < nuez> empty, hollow

    tienes la cabeza hueca — (fam & hum) you've got a head full of sawdust (colloq & hum)

    b) [ser] ( vacío) < palabras> empty; < estilo> superficial; < persona> shallow, superficial
    c) ( esponjoso) < lana> soft; < colchón> soft, spongy
    d) <sonido/tos> hollow; < voz> resonant
    2) ( orgulloso) proud
    II
    1)
    a) ( cavidad)
    b) ( espacio libre) space

    ¿no puedes hacer un huequito para verlo hoy? — can't you squeeze o fit him in somewhere today?

    2) ( concavidad) hollow
    3) (Andes, Ven) (agujero, hoyo) hole; ( en la calle) hole, pothole
    * * *
    hueco1
    1 = gap, slot, hollow, recess, alcove, cavity.

    Ex: New editions will be essentially cumulations and therefore a longer gap will exist between editions.

    Ex: These frames are of different types and have slots also of different types, which can be filled by other frames.
    Ex: It can certainly be status-conferring to let it be known in social conversation that one has read the latest Fay Weldon book, but if the group one is in never reads Fay Weldon anyway and could not care less what she has written then the victory is a somewhat hollow one.
    Ex: He then dropped the metal suddenly into the mouth of the mould, and at the same instant gave it a jerk or toss to force the metal into the recesses of the matrix (the precise form of the jerk varying with the different letters).
    Ex: Our news service is delivered by a large-screen television that broadcasts continuous cable news in a special alcove adjacent to the library's current periodicals and reference areas.
    Ex: His sculptures were made by making casts of the cavities left in snow onto which the artist and a collaborator had urinated.
    * dejar un hueco = leave + gap.
    * encontrar un hueco = find + a home.
    * hacer hueco = make + room (for).
    * hacerse un hueco en la vida = get on in + life.
    * hueco de la escalera = stairwell.
    * hueco de servicio = service core.
    * llenar un hueco = fill + gap, fill in + gap, fill + the breach.

    hueco2
    2 = hollow.
    Nota: Adjetivo.

    Ex: The other helpful procedure is venoclysis, the slow drop-by-drop introduction into a vein, through a hollow needle, of a salt or a sugar solution.

    * cabeza hueca = empty-headed, ditzy [ditzier -comp., ditziest -sup.], ditz, dits, ditsy [ditsier -comp., ditsiest -sup.], airhead, airheaded, bonehead, nong, ning-nong.
    * en hueco = punched.

    * * *
    hueco1 -ca
    A
    1 [ ESTAR] ‹árbol/bola› hollow; ‹nuez› empty, hollow
    tienes la cabeza hueca ( fam hum); you've got a head full of sawdust ( colloq hum)
    2 [ SER] (vacío) ‹palabras› empty; ‹estilo› superficial; ‹persona› shallow, superficial
    3 (esponjoso) ‹lana› soft; ‹colchón› soft, spongy
    4 ‹sonido› hollow; ‹voz› resonant; ‹tos› hollow
    B ( Esp) (orgulloso) proud
    iba tan hueco con sus nietos he looked so proud as he walked along with his grandchildren
    A
    1
    (cavidad): detrás de la tabla hay un hueco there's a cavity behind the board, it's hollow behind the board
    aquí la pared suena a hueco the wall sounds hollow here
    el hueco del ascensor the lift shaft
    un hueco para aparcar a parking space
    este hueco es para la lavadora this space is for the washing machine
    a ver si me hacen un hueco para sentarme can you make a bit of space o room so I can sit down?
    si no entiendes alguna palabra, deja un hueco if you don't understand a word, just leave a blank o a space
    3
    (en una organización): para llenar el hueco existente en este campo to fill the gap which exists in this field
    deja un hueco que será difícil llenar he leaves a gap which will be hard to fill
    tengo un hueco entre las dos clases I have a free period between the two classes
    ¿no puedes hacer un huequito or un huequecito para verlo hoy? can't you make a bit of time to see him today?, can't you squeeze o fit him in somewhere today? ( colloq)
    B (concavidad) hollow
    en el hueco de la mano in the hollow of his/her hand
    hacer un hueco en la harina make a well o hollow in the flour
    C (Andes, Ven) (agujero, hoyo) hole; (en la calle) hole, pothole
    el acné le dejó la cara llena de huecos his face was pitted by acne
    los huecos que dejaron las balas en la pared the bulletholes left in the wall
    * * *

     

    hueco 1
    ◊ -ca adjetivo

    a) [estar] ‹árbol/bola› hollow;

    ‹ nuez› empty, hollow;

    hum) you've got a head full of sawdust (colloq & hum)
    b) [ser] ( vacío) ‹ palabras› empty;

    ‹ estilo› superficial;
    ‹ persona› shallow, superficial
    c) ( esponjoso) ‹ lana› soft;

    ‹ colchón› soft, spongy
    d) ‹sonido/tos› hollow;

    ‹ voz› resonant
    hueco 2 sustantivo masculino
    a) (cavidad en árbol, roca) hollow;

    ( de ascensor) shaft;

    el hueco de la escalera the stairwell
    b) ( espacio) space;

    ( entre dos dientes) gap;

    hazme un hueco make room for me;
    llenar un hueco en el mercado to fill a gap in the market

    hueco,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (vacío) empty, hollow
    cabeza hueca, empty-headed
    palabras huecas, empty words
    2 (voz, sonido) resonant
    II sustantivo masculino
    1 (cavidad vacía) hollow, hole
    2 (rato libre) free time
    3 (sitio libre) empty space
    ♦ Locuciones: hacer un hueco, (de tiempo) to make time
    (de espacio) to make room
    ' hueco' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    hueca
    - mella
    - montante
    - rellenar
    - tapiar
    - vacía
    - vaciar
    - vacío
    - escalera
    - rendija
    - sonar
    - tapar
    - tubo
    English:
    bay
    - gap
    - gaping
    - hollow
    - niche
    - recess
    - shaft
    - solid
    - stairwell
    - well
    - alcove
    - neatly
    - socket
    - stair
    * * *
    hueco, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [vacío] hollow
    2. [sonido] resonant, hollow
    3. [sin ideas] empty;
    su discurso fue hueco there was no substance to his speech;
    eso no son más que palabras huecas those are just empty words;
    Fam
    es una cabeza hueca she's an airhead
    4. [mullido, esponjoso] [bizcocho] light and fluffy;
    lleva el pelo muy hueco she has a very bouffant hairstyle
    5. Esp [orgulloso] proud;
    se puso muy hueco cuando anunciaron su triunfo he swelled with pride when they announced his victory
    ♦ nm
    1. [cavidad] hole;
    [en pared] recess;
    suena a hueco it sounds hollow
    2. [espacio libre] space, gap;
    [de ascensor] shaft;
    el hueco de la escalera the stairwell;
    no había ni un hueco en el teatro there wasn't an empty seat in the theatre;
    hazme un hueco en el sofá make a bit of room for me on the sofa;
    estoy buscando un hueco para aparcar I'm looking for a parking space;
    la marcha de los hijos dejó un hueco en sus vidas the children leaving left a gap in their lives;
    deja un hueco que será difícil de llenar she leaves a gap that will be hard to fill;
    se abrió hueco entre la masa de curiosos he made his way through the crowd of onlookers;
    un producto que se ha abierto un hueco en el mercado a product that has carved out a niche in the market
    3. [rato libre] spare moment;
    tengo un hueco a la hora del almuerzo I've got a moment at lunchtime;
    te puedo hacer un hueco esta tarde I can fit o squeeze you in this afternoon
    4. [vacante] vacancy;
    ha quedado un hueco vacante en la cúpula del partido there's a vacancy in the party leadership
    * * *
    I adj hollow; ( vacío) empty; fig: persona shallow
    II m
    1 en pared, escrito gap
    2 ( agujero) hole; de ascensor shaft
    * * *
    hueco, -ca adj
    1) : hollow, empty
    2) : soft, spongy
    3) : hollow-sounding, resonant
    4) : proud, conceited
    5) : superficial
    hueco nm
    1) : hole, hollow, cavity
    2) : gap, space
    3) : recess, alcove
    * * *
    hueco1 adj hollow
    hueco2 n
    1. (espacio) space
    2. (abertura, espacio en blanco) gap
    3. (sitio) room
    4. (rato libre) time
    si tengo un hueco, te llamaré I'll phone you if I have time

    Spanish-English dictionary > hueco

  • 10 hueco1

    1 = gap, slot, hollow, recess, alcove, cavity.
    Ex. New editions will be essentially cumulations and therefore a longer gap will exist between editions.
    Ex. These frames are of different types and have slots also of different types, which can be filled by other frames.
    Ex. It can certainly be status-conferring to let it be known in social conversation that one has read the latest Fay Weldon book, but if the group one is in never reads Fay Weldon anyway and could not care less what she has written then the victory is a somewhat hollow one.
    Ex. He then dropped the metal suddenly into the mouth of the mould, and at the same instant gave it a jerk or toss to force the metal into the recesses of the matrix (the precise form of the jerk varying with the different letters).
    Ex. Our news service is delivered by a large-screen television that broadcasts continuous cable news in a special alcove adjacent to the library's current periodicals and reference areas.
    Ex. His sculptures were made by making casts of the cavities left in snow onto which the artist and a collaborator had urinated.
    ----
    * dejar un hueco = leave + gap.
    * encontrar un hueco = find + a home.
    * hacer hueco = make + room (for).
    * hacerse un hueco en la vida = get on in + life.
    * hueco de la escalera = stairwell.
    * hueco de servicio = service core.
    * llenar un hueco = fill + gap, fill in + gap, fill + the breach.

    Spanish-English dictionary > hueco1

  • 11 JAUR

    adv. yes indeed, yes certainly.
    * * *
    adv., also spelt júr, Skálda 163 (Thorodd), Art. 126: in mod. usage proncd. double, jur-jór or jir-jór (sounded yer-yor), which word was at the end of the last century still used in the north of Iceland (Thingeyjar-sýsla): [it is a compd particle, from já = yea and r, which may be a pers. pron., analogous to the early Gmn. jâ ich! jâ dû! jâ sî! jâ ir! Grimm’s Gramm. iii. 765; other Teutonic languages have preserved this particle, although in a somewhat different sense, mid. H. G. jâra or jâr-ia, jâra-ja]:—yea, yes! with emphasis, yea, in sooth, yes indeed, yes certainly, as a reply to an expression of doubt or denial. Of this interesting particle only six instances are found in old writers:—three in O. H. L., biskup leit útar í kirkjuna ok sá hvar Ólafr stóð ok mælti, nú er konungr út kominn, þeir sögðu at hann var eigi út kominn.—Answer, Jaur, sagði biskup, sá er sannr konungr, er nú er út kominn, 10; hvat er nú um félag þat er konungrinn á með yðr? þeir drápu niðr höfði ok kváðusk ekki haus félag hafa.—Jaur, sagði hann, þér sögðusk víst vera hans félagar, 45; Maðr svarar, hvá mælir þú þat ?—Jaur, segir hann, þat var mér þá í hug, etc., 69; one in Thorn, (the Norse Recension), ekki var ek þar nærri, ok því sá ek enga þessa hluti, ekki heyrða ek ok þat er þú segir í frá.—Jaur, segir hann, Guð þat veit, at ek em uruggr um þat at ek sá þik þar, 246; one in Art. 126 (spelt júr); and lastly, one in Thorodd, austr, eárn, eir, júr, eyrir, vín, Skálda 163. Gudmund Andreae mentions this particle as in use in his time, and as sounded jör-jur, e. g. er ekki dagr?—answer, jör-jur! viltú ekki þetta?—answer, jör-jur! but his derivation from Lat. jure is erroneous.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > JAUR

  • 12 βιωτικός

    βιωτικός, ή, όν (since Aristot., HA 9, 17 [Lob. on Phryn. 355]; pap) pert. to daily life and living, belonging to (daily) life (so Polyb. et al.; cp. χρεῖαι β. ‘necessities of daily life’ Polyb. 4, 73, 8; Diod S 2. 29, 5; Philo Bybl. [100 A.D.]: 790 Fgm. 1, 29 Jac. [in Eus., PE 1, 9, 29]; Artem. 1, 31; Philo Alex., Mos. 2, 158) μέριμναι β. Lk 21:34; β. πράξεις Hv 1, 3, 1; β. πράγματα 3, 11, 3; m 5, 2, 2; βάσανοι β. tortures that befall one during his earthly life Hs 6, 3, 4; β. κριτήρια 1 Cor 6:4 (s. κριτήριον); cp. vs. 3 βιωτικά ordinary (everyday) matters (τά β. in a somewhat different sense Epict. 1, 26, 3; 7; Vett. Val. 286, 14; PRyl 125, 11; Philo, Omn. Prob. Liber 49; Field, Notes 171). In connection with 1 Cor 6:1–6, s. ERohde, Z. griech. Roman (Kleine Schriften II) 1901, 38f; also Philostrat., Vi. Soph. 1, 25, 3, concerning quarrels in daily life which, in contrast to grave offenses, are not to be brought to court, but settled at home.—DELG s.v. βίος. M-M.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > βιωτικός

  • 13 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 14 desigual

    adj.
    1 different (diferente).
    2 changeable.
    3 unequal, irregular, different, asymmetric.
    4 rough, uneven, up-and-down.
    * * *
    1 (gen) unequal, uneven
    2 (diferente) different, unequal
    3 (irregular) uneven, irregular
    4 (no liso) uneven, rough
    5 (variable) changeable
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=diferente) different

    los ciudadanos reciben un trato desigual — people are treated differently, people are not treated equally o the same

    2) [lucha, batalla] unequal
    3) (=irregular) [terreno, calidad] uneven; [letra] erratic
    4) (=variable) [tiempo] changeable; [carácter] unpredictable
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( diferente)
    b) ( desequilibrado) < lucha> unequal; < fuerzas> unevenly-matched
    2) ( irregular) <terreno/superficie> uneven; < letra> uneven, irregular; < calidad> variable, varying (before n); < rendimiento> inconsistent, erratic
    * * *
    = patchy [patchier -comp., patchiest -sup.], uneven, unequal, asymmetric, inequal, inequitable, spotty, ragged, asymmetrical, craggy [craggier -comp., craggiest -sup.], lumpy [lumpier -comp., lumpiest -sup.], unbalanced, imbalanced.
    Ex. The retrospective bibliographic control mechanism is somewhat patchy but there are some large scale works.
    Ex. Not surprisingly this can lead to gaps in coverage, and uneven coverage of subjects.
    Ex. However, problems arose as a result of combining headings of unequal importance and the multiplicity of languages involved.
    Ex. These graphs are represented in the form of similarity matrices which are asymmetric.
    Ex. Statistics show the inequal geographical distribution of these libraries, with 74% of university libraries to be found in the north and central regions, while only 26% are found in the south.
    Ex. Librarianship is an occupation dominated by women and subject to inequitable compensation.
    Ex. Enforcement of library policies is spotty at best.
    Ex. Even in more mainstream publishing, despite the ubiquity of word processors, which can so easily produce justified text, ragged right margins are becoming more common, even fashionable.
    Ex. MPEG is more expensive and complicated but more powerful and better suited to asymmetrical applications such as CD-ROM data bases.
    Ex. This is a series of meditative poems in which the author chronicles an encounter with the craggy Atlantic coastline of Brittany.
    Ex. Between 9 and 12 months, lumpy or chopped foods, such as vegetables, meats, or cottage cheese, may be introduced.
    Ex. Another problem with the main classes is that are unbalanced.
    Ex. The article includes two great maps, which show regions in which there may be a danger of imbalanced markets.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( diferente)
    b) ( desequilibrado) < lucha> unequal; < fuerzas> unevenly-matched
    2) ( irregular) <terreno/superficie> uneven; < letra> uneven, irregular; < calidad> variable, varying (before n); < rendimiento> inconsistent, erratic
    * * *
    = patchy [patchier -comp., patchiest -sup.], uneven, unequal, asymmetric, inequal, inequitable, spotty, ragged, asymmetrical, craggy [craggier -comp., craggiest -sup.], lumpy [lumpier -comp., lumpiest -sup.], unbalanced, imbalanced.

    Ex: The retrospective bibliographic control mechanism is somewhat patchy but there are some large scale works.

    Ex: Not surprisingly this can lead to gaps in coverage, and uneven coverage of subjects.
    Ex: However, problems arose as a result of combining headings of unequal importance and the multiplicity of languages involved.
    Ex: These graphs are represented in the form of similarity matrices which are asymmetric.
    Ex: Statistics show the inequal geographical distribution of these libraries, with 74% of university libraries to be found in the north and central regions, while only 26% are found in the south.
    Ex: Librarianship is an occupation dominated by women and subject to inequitable compensation.
    Ex: Enforcement of library policies is spotty at best.
    Ex: Even in more mainstream publishing, despite the ubiquity of word processors, which can so easily produce justified text, ragged right margins are becoming more common, even fashionable.
    Ex: MPEG is more expensive and complicated but more powerful and better suited to asymmetrical applications such as CD-ROM data bases.
    Ex: This is a series of meditative poems in which the author chronicles an encounter with the craggy Atlantic coastline of Brittany.
    Ex: Between 9 and 12 months, lumpy or chopped foods, such as vegetables, meats, or cottage cheese, may be introduced.
    Ex: Another problem with the main classes is that are unbalanced.
    Ex: The article includes two great maps, which show regions in which there may be a danger of imbalanced markets.

    * * *
    A
    1
    (diferente): las mangas me quedaron desiguales one sleeve turned out longer ( o wider etc) than the other
    reciben un trato muy desigual they are treated very differently
    2 (desequilibrado) ‹lucha› unequal; ‹fuerzas› unevenly-matched
    B (irregular) ‹terreno/superficie› uneven; ‹letra› uneven, irregular; ‹calidad› variable, varying ( before n)
    su rendimiento ha sido desigual his performance has been variable o irregular o inconsistent
    * * *

    desigual adjetivo
    1

    ◊ las mangas quedaron desiguales one sleeve turned out longer (o wider etc) than the other


    ‹ fuerzas› unevenly-matched
    2 ( irregular) ‹terreno/superficie› uneven;
    ‹ letra› uneven, irregular;
    ‹ calidad› variable, varying ( before n);
    ‹ rendimiento› inconsistent, erratic
    desigual adjetivo
    1 (irregular, poco igualado) uneven
    2 (descompensado) unequal
    3 (variable, cambiante) changeable
    ' desigual' also found in these entries:
    English:
    irregular
    - patchy
    - ragged
    - rough
    - unequal
    - variable
    - bumpy
    - erratic
    - mixed
    - one
    - uneven
    * * *
    1. [diferente] different;
    recibieron un trato desigual they weren't treated the same, they were treated differently;
    un triángulo de lados desiguales a triangle with unequal sides
    2. [irregular] [terreno, superficie] uneven;
    [alumno, actuación] inconsistent, erratic;
    su filmografía es de desigual calidad his movies o Br films are of varying quality;
    ha publicado varias novelas con desigual fortuna he has published several novels, with mixed results
    3. [poco equilibrado] [lucha, competición] unequal;
    [fuerzas, rivales] unevenly matched
    4. [variable] [tiempo] changeable;
    [temperaturas] variable; [persona, humor] changeable
    * * *
    adj
    1 reparto unequal
    2 terreno uneven, irregular
    * * *
    1) : unequal
    2) disparejo: uneven
    * * *
    1. (distinto) different
    2. (combate) unequal
    3. (tiempo, carácter) changeable
    4. (superficie, terreno) uneven

    Spanish-English dictionary > desigual

  • 15 seguir

    v.
    1 to follow.
    tú ve delante, que yo te sigo you go ahead, I'll follow o I'll go behind
    seguir algo de cerca to follow o monitor something closely (desarrollo, resultados)
    Ellos siguen la caravana They follow the convoy.
    Eso es lo que sigue That is what follows.
    2 to follow.
    me parece que nos siguen I think we're being followed
    3 to continue, to resume.
    Me sigue el dolor My pain persists.
    4 to continue, to go on.
    ¡sigue, no te pares! go o carry on, don't stop!
    aquí se baja él, yo sigo he's getting out here, I'm going on (al taxista)
    sigo trabajando en la fábrica I'm still working at the factory
    debes seguir haciéndolo you should keep on o carry on doing it
    sigo pensando que está mal I still think it's wrong
    sigue enferma/en el hospital she's still ill/in hospital
    ¿qué tal sigue la familia? how's the family getting on o keeping?
    5 to keep on, to go along, to carry on, to continue.
    María se sigue haciendo daño Mary keeps on hurting herself.
    6 to continue to be, to continue being, to keep, to keep being.
    Las chicas siguen testarudas The girls continue to be stubborn.
    7 to obey, to keep.
    Las chicas siguen las reglas The girls obey the rules.
    8 to imitate, to follow.
    Los fanáticos siguen al cantante The fans imitate the singer.
    9 to come afterwards, to come next, to come after, to come along.
    Algo bueno sigue Something good comes afterwards.
    * * *
    (e changes to i in certain persons of certain tenses; gu changes to g before a and o)
    Present Indicative
    sigo, sigues, sigue, seguimos, seguís, siguen.
    Past Indicative
    seguí, seguiste, siguió, seguimos, seguisteis, siguieron.
    Present Subjunctive
    Imperfect Subjunctive
    Future Subjunctive
    Imperative
    sigue (tú), siga (él/Vd.), sigamos (nos.), seguid (vos.), sigan (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=perseguir) [+ persona, pista] to follow; [+ indicio] to follow up; [+ presa] to chase, pursue

    ella llegó primero, seguida del embajador — she arrived first, followed by the ambassador

    2) (=estar atento a) [+ programa de TV] to watch, follow; [+ programa de radio] to listen to, follow; [+ proceso, progreso] to monitor, follow up; [+ satélite] to track
    3) (=hacer caso de) [+ consejo] to follow, take; [+ instrucciones, doctrina, líder] to follow
    4) [+ rumbo, dirección] to follow

    siga esta calle y al final gire a la derecha — carry on up o follow this street and turn right at the end

    • seguir su curso, el proyecto sigue su curso — the project is still on course, the project continues on (its) course

    5) (=entender) [+ razonamiento] to follow

    ¿me sigues? — are you with me?

    6) (Educ) [+ curso] to take, do
    7) † [+ mujer] to court †
    2. VI
    1) (=continuar) to go on, carry on

    ¿quieres que sigamos? — shall we go on?

    ¡siga! — (=hable) go on!, carry on; LAm (=pase) come in

    ¡síguele! — Méx go on!

    "sigue" — [en carta] P.T.O.; [en libro] continued

    2)

    • seguir adelante — [persona] to go on, carry on; [acontecimiento] to go ahead

    adelante 1)
    3) [en estado, situación] to be still

    ¿cómo sigue? — how is he?

    que siga usted bien — keep well, look after yourself

    • seguimos sin teléfono — we still haven't got a phone

    4)

    • seguir haciendo algo — to go on doing sth, carry on doing sth

    siguió mirándola — he went on o carried on looking at her

    el ordenador seguía funcionando — the computer carried on working, the computer was still working

    5) (=venir a continuación) to follow, follow on

    entre otros ejemplos destacan los que siguen — amongst other examples, the following stand out

    • seguir a algo, las horas que siguieron a la tragedia — the hours following o that followed the tragedy

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <persona/vehículo/presa> to follow

    camina muy rápido, no la puedo seguir — she walks very fast, I can't keep up with her

    el que la sigue la consigue — (fam) if at first you don't succeed, try, try again

    2) <camino/ruta>

    siga esta carretera hasta llegar al puente — go along o follow this road as far as the bridge

    3) ( en el tiempo) to follow

    seguir a algo/alguien — to follow something/somebody

    4)
    a) <instrucciones/consejo/flecha> to follow
    b) ( basarse en) <autor/teoría/método/tradición> to follow
    5)
    a) <trámite/procedimiento> to follow
    b) (Educ) < curso> to take

    estoy siguiendo un curso de fotografía — I'm doing o taking a photography course

    6)
    a) <explicaciones/profesor> to follow

    dicta demasiado rápido, no la puedo seguir — she dictates too quickly, I can't keep up

    ¿me siguen? — are you with me?

    no sigo ese programa — I don't watch that program, I'm not following that program

    2.
    seguir vi
    1)
    a) ( por un camino) to go on

    siga derecho or todo recto hasta el final de la calle — keep o go straight on to the end of the street

    seguir de largo — (AmL) to go straight past

    b)
    c) (Col, Ven) ( entrar)

    siga por favor — come in, please

    2) (en lugar, estado)

    ¿tus padres siguen en Ginebra? — are your parents still in Geneva?

    sigue soltera/tan bonita como siempre — she's still single/as pretty as ever

    si las cosas siguen así... — if things carry on like this...

    si sigue así de trabajador, llegará lejos — if he carries on working as hard as this, he'll go a long way

    3)
    a) tareas/buen tiempo/lluvia to continue; rumores to persist
    b)

    seguir + ger: sigo pensando que deberíamos haber ido I still think we ought to have gone; sigue leyendo tú you read now; seguiré haciéndolo a mi manera — I'll go on o carry on doing it my way, I shall continue to do it my way (frml)

    4)
    a) (venir después, estar contiguo)
    b) historia/poema to continue

    ¿cómo sigue la canción? — how does the song go on?

    3.
    seguirse v pron (en 3a pers)

    de esto se sigue que... — it follows from this that...

    * * *
    = accord with, adhere to, chase, conform to, espouse, fit, follow, keep to, observe, pursue, run along, stay, stick to, proceed, overlay, carry on, go ahead, soldier on, succeed, hew to, overlie, keep up, roll on.
    Ex. So while that tracing may have accorded with a rule, it violated common sense.
    Ex. Since BC adheres closely to the educational and scientific consensus, BC found most favour with libraries in educational establishments.
    Ex. Also, in controlled indexing language data bases, there is often an assumption that a user will be prepared to chase strings of references or to consult a sometimes complex thesaurus.
    Ex. These basic permutation rules are modified somewhat to conform to bibliographic requirements.
    Ex. Most respondents espoused the latter view as an appropriate response to IT developments to date.
    Ex. Especially if the new subject is one which upsets the previous structure of relationships, it will be difficult to fit into the existing order.
    Ex. An abstract covers all of the main points made in the original document, and usually follows the style and arrangement of the parent document.
    Ex. Obviously, once a choice of citation order has been made it must be kept to, otherwise, chaos will result.
    Ex. It is worth briefly observing a general approach to the creation of a data base.
    Ex. All effective indexes must have some common facets if only because the audience does not alter merely because the indexer chooses to pursue certain indexing practices.
    Ex. Whevener logical processes of thought are employed - that is, whenever thought for a time runs along an accepted groove - there is an opportunity for the machine.
    Ex. What is possibly less easy is to making sure that the guiding stays clean, neat and accurate.
    Ex. It might be striking to outline the instrumentalities of the future more spectacularly, rather than to stick closely to methods and elements now known.
    Ex. Before we proceed to look at the operators in detail, a couple of examples may help to make the layout clearer.
    Ex. There may be a very flexible communication system that overlays the administrative structure, or there may be a fairly rigid pattern of communication that adheres to the administrative lines of authority.
    Ex. If a child detects that no very strong value is placed on reading then he feels no compulsion to develop his own reading skill beyond the minimal, functional level we all need simply to carry on our daily lives in our print-dominated society.
    Ex. A plan for the construction and implementation phases will be drawn up, if it is decided to go ahead = Si se decide continuar, se elaborará un plan para las fases de construcción y puesta en práctica.
    Ex. Russell soldiered on in 'Principles of Mathematics', he pleaded a distinction between analysis by way of philosophical definitions and analysis by way of mathematical definitions.
    Ex. In 1964 he was promoted to Associate Director of the Processing Department where he succeeded John Cronin as Director four years later.
    Ex. The structure adopted hews to the theoretical model of the resilient organization as described by Enright.
    Ex. The disputes between islanders and outsiders overlie the deeper problem of administrative denial of indigenous lagoon rights.
    Ex. He was told to ' keep up whatever it is he was doing' because he was doing great!.
    Ex. But to make matters worse, and as the drought rolls on, it is very likely that it won't rain again until October or November.
    ----
    * camino a seguir, el = way forward, the.
    * como siga así = at this rate.
    * como sigue = as follows.
    * debate + seguir = debate + rage.
    * difícil de seguir = heavy going.
    * el camino a seguir = the way ahead, the way to go.
    * hay que seguir adelante = the show must go on.
    * indicar el camino a seguir = point + the way forward.
    * indicar el camino a seguir para = point + the way to.
    * las cosas siguen igual = business as usual.
    * la vida + seguir = life + go on.
    * modelos a seguir = lessons learned [lessons learnt].
    * mostrar el camino a seguir = point + the way forward.
    * no saber cómo seguir = be stuck, get + stuck.
    * no seguir una norma = fall (far) short of + norm.
    * pautas a seguir = best practices, lessons learned [lessons learnt].
    * pendiente de seguir la última moda = fashion-conscious.
    * procedimiento a seguir = code of practice.
    * que sigue = ensuing.
    * que sigue una norma = compliant (with).
    * que uno sigue a su propio ritmo = self-paced, self-guided.
    * resignarse y seguir adelante = bite + the bullet.
    * seguir activo = remain + in being, remain + in place.
    * seguir adelante = go forward, forge + ahead, forge + forward, go ahead, go straight ahead, carry through, move along, move forward, press forward (with), move + forward, continue on + Posesivo + way, move on.
    * seguir adelante con = go ahead with, stick with.
    * seguir a flote = stay in + business, stay + afloat.
    * seguir al día = remain on top of.
    * seguir Algo al pie de la letra = follow + Nombre + to the letter.
    * seguir Algo a rajatabla = follow + Nombre + to the letter.
    * seguir al pie de la letra = keep + strictly to the letter.
    * seguir al pie del cañón = soldier on.
    * seguir a rajatabla = keep + strictly to the letter.
    * seguir así = keep + it up, keep up + the good work, keep up + the great work.
    * seguir avanzando = forge + ahead, forge + forward.
    * seguir caminando = continue on + Posesivo + way.
    * seguir como antes = go on + as before.
    * seguir como modelo = pattern.
    * seguir con = go on with, maintain + continuity, maintain + momentum, stick at.
    * seguir con Algo = take + Nombre + further.
    * seguir con el buen hacer = keep up + the good work, keep up + the great work.
    * seguir con el control = stay in + control.
    * seguir con el mando = stay in + control.
    * seguir con + Posesivo + vida normal = get on with + Posesivo + life.
    * seguir considerando = consider + further.
    * seguir de cerca = monitor, stay in + control, keep + track of.
    * seguir desarrollando = develop + further.
    * seguir el buen camino = keep on + the right track, keep on + the straight and narrow.
    * seguir el camino de la verdad = keep on + the straight and narrow.
    * seguir el camino más ético = take + the high ground, take + the high road.
    * seguir el debate = follow + the thread.
    * seguir el ejemplo = follow + the lead, take after.
    * seguir el ejemplo de = take + Posesivo + cue from, take + a cue from.
    * seguir el ejemplo de Alguien = take + a leaf out of + Posesivo + book, follow + Posesivo + example.
    * seguir el hilo = follow + the thread.
    * seguir el ritmo de Algo o Alguien = keep up with + pace.
    * seguir en contacto = stay + tuned.
    * seguir en contacto (con) = stay in + touch (with), keep in + touch (with).
    * seguir en existencia = remain + in being.
    * seguir en la brecha = soldier on.
    * seguir en pie = hold + Posesivo + own, hold up.
    * seguir entre los primeros = remain on top.
    * seguir enviando + Nombre = keep + Nombre + coming.
    * seguir este camino = go along + this road.
    * seguir este rumbo = proceed + along this way.
    * seguir + Gerundio = keep on + Gerundio.
    * seguir haciéndolo así = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir haciéndolo bien = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir haciendo lo mismo = business as usual.
    * seguir igual = be none the worse for wear.
    * seguir inmediatamente = fast on the heels of, on the heels of.
    * seguir inmediatamente a = come on + the heels of.
    * seguir irreconciliable con = remain + unreconciled to.
    * seguir la conversación = follow + the thread.
    * seguir la corazonada de uno = play + Posesivo + hunches.
    * seguir la corriente = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.
    * seguir la iniciativa = follow + the lead.
    * seguir la marcha de = monitor.
    * seguir la moda = catch + the fever.
    * seguir la pista = follow up, track, follow through, shadow, track down.
    * seguir la pista a un documento = chase + item.
    * seguir la pista de = keep + track of.
    * seguir la trayectoria = follow up, follow through.
    * seguirle el juego a, seguirle la corriente a = play along with.
    * seguirle la corriente a = play along with.
    * seguir levantado = stay up.
    * seguir líneas diferentes = be on different lines.
    * seguir lo mismo = remain + the same.
    * seguir los pasos de = follow in + the footsteps of.
    * seguir malgastando el dinero = throw + good money after bad.
    * seguir opuesto a = remain + unreconciled to.
    * seguir por delante de = keep + one step ahead of.
    * seguir por el buen camino = keep out of + trouble, keep on + the right track.
    * seguir + Posesivo + pasos = follow in + Posesivo + footsteps.
    * seguir progresando = forge + ahead, forge + forward.
    * seguirse = ensue.
    * seguir siendo = remain.
    * seguir siendo + Adjetivo = remain + Adjetivo.
    * seguir siendo lo mismo = remain + the same.
    * seguir sin agraciarse con = remain + unreconciled to.
    * seguir sin haberse traducido = remain + untranslated.
    * seguir sin reconciliarse con = remain + unreconciled to.
    * seguir sin traducirse = remain + untranslated.
    * seguir tirando el dinero = throw + good money after bad.
    * seguir trabajando aceptando una limitación = work (a)round + shortcoming, work (a)round + limitation, work (a)round + constraints.
    * seguir trabajando así = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir trabajando bien = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir tratando = discuss + further.
    * seguir una dirección = follow + path, take + path.
    * seguir una escala = fall along + a continuum.
    * seguir una estrategia = take + tack.
    * seguir una filosofía = espouse + philosophy.
    * seguir una metodología = adopt + approach.
    * seguir una práctica = adopt + practice.
    * seguir una táctica = take + tack.
    * seguir una trayectoria = follow + track.
    * seguir un camino = take + path, take + direction, tread + path, walk + path.
    * seguir un camino diferente = strike out on + a different path.
    * seguir un consejo = take + advice.
    * seguir un curso de acción = follow + track.
    * seguir un método = take + approach.
    * seguir un modelo = embrace + model, conform to + image.
    * seguir unos pasos = follow + steps.
    * seguir un patrón = conform to + image.
    * seguir un principio = adopt + convention.
    * seguir un rumbo diferente = take + a different turn.
    * seguir + Verbo = still + Verbo.
    * seguir vigente = hold + Posesivo + own.
    * seguir viviendo = live on.
    * seguir vivo = live on, stay + alive.
    * siguiendo = along.
    * siguiendo un estilo indicativo = indicatively.
    * si sigue así = at this rate.
    * si todo sigue igual = all (other) things being equal.
    * tiempo + seguir su marcha inexorable = time + march on.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <persona/vehículo/presa> to follow

    camina muy rápido, no la puedo seguir — she walks very fast, I can't keep up with her

    el que la sigue la consigue — (fam) if at first you don't succeed, try, try again

    2) <camino/ruta>

    siga esta carretera hasta llegar al puente — go along o follow this road as far as the bridge

    3) ( en el tiempo) to follow

    seguir a algo/alguien — to follow something/somebody

    4)
    a) <instrucciones/consejo/flecha> to follow
    b) ( basarse en) <autor/teoría/método/tradición> to follow
    5)
    a) <trámite/procedimiento> to follow
    b) (Educ) < curso> to take

    estoy siguiendo un curso de fotografía — I'm doing o taking a photography course

    6)
    a) <explicaciones/profesor> to follow

    dicta demasiado rápido, no la puedo seguir — she dictates too quickly, I can't keep up

    ¿me siguen? — are you with me?

    no sigo ese programa — I don't watch that program, I'm not following that program

    2.
    seguir vi
    1)
    a) ( por un camino) to go on

    siga derecho or todo recto hasta el final de la calle — keep o go straight on to the end of the street

    seguir de largo — (AmL) to go straight past

    b)
    c) (Col, Ven) ( entrar)

    siga por favor — come in, please

    2) (en lugar, estado)

    ¿tus padres siguen en Ginebra? — are your parents still in Geneva?

    sigue soltera/tan bonita como siempre — she's still single/as pretty as ever

    si las cosas siguen así... — if things carry on like this...

    si sigue así de trabajador, llegará lejos — if he carries on working as hard as this, he'll go a long way

    3)
    a) tareas/buen tiempo/lluvia to continue; rumores to persist
    b)

    seguir + ger: sigo pensando que deberíamos haber ido I still think we ought to have gone; sigue leyendo tú you read now; seguiré haciéndolo a mi manera — I'll go on o carry on doing it my way, I shall continue to do it my way (frml)

    4)
    a) (venir después, estar contiguo)
    b) historia/poema to continue

    ¿cómo sigue la canción? — how does the song go on?

    3.
    seguirse v pron (en 3a pers)

    de esto se sigue que... — it follows from this that...

    * * *
    = accord with, adhere to, chase, conform to, espouse, fit, follow, keep to, observe, pursue, run along, stay, stick to, proceed, overlay, carry on, go ahead, soldier on, succeed, hew to, overlie, keep up, roll on.

    Ex: So while that tracing may have accorded with a rule, it violated common sense.

    Ex: Since BC adheres closely to the educational and scientific consensus, BC found most favour with libraries in educational establishments.
    Ex: Also, in controlled indexing language data bases, there is often an assumption that a user will be prepared to chase strings of references or to consult a sometimes complex thesaurus.
    Ex: These basic permutation rules are modified somewhat to conform to bibliographic requirements.
    Ex: Most respondents espoused the latter view as an appropriate response to IT developments to date.
    Ex: Especially if the new subject is one which upsets the previous structure of relationships, it will be difficult to fit into the existing order.
    Ex: An abstract covers all of the main points made in the original document, and usually follows the style and arrangement of the parent document.
    Ex: Obviously, once a choice of citation order has been made it must be kept to, otherwise, chaos will result.
    Ex: It is worth briefly observing a general approach to the creation of a data base.
    Ex: All effective indexes must have some common facets if only because the audience does not alter merely because the indexer chooses to pursue certain indexing practices.
    Ex: Whevener logical processes of thought are employed - that is, whenever thought for a time runs along an accepted groove - there is an opportunity for the machine.
    Ex: What is possibly less easy is to making sure that the guiding stays clean, neat and accurate.
    Ex: It might be striking to outline the instrumentalities of the future more spectacularly, rather than to stick closely to methods and elements now known.
    Ex: Before we proceed to look at the operators in detail, a couple of examples may help to make the layout clearer.
    Ex: There may be a very flexible communication system that overlays the administrative structure, or there may be a fairly rigid pattern of communication that adheres to the administrative lines of authority.
    Ex: If a child detects that no very strong value is placed on reading then he feels no compulsion to develop his own reading skill beyond the minimal, functional level we all need simply to carry on our daily lives in our print-dominated society.
    Ex: A plan for the construction and implementation phases will be drawn up, if it is decided to go ahead = Si se decide continuar, se elaborará un plan para las fases de construcción y puesta en práctica.
    Ex: Russell soldiered on in 'Principles of Mathematics', he pleaded a distinction between analysis by way of philosophical definitions and analysis by way of mathematical definitions.
    Ex: In 1964 he was promoted to Associate Director of the Processing Department where he succeeded John Cronin as Director four years later.
    Ex: The structure adopted hews to the theoretical model of the resilient organization as described by Enright.
    Ex: The disputes between islanders and outsiders overlie the deeper problem of administrative denial of indigenous lagoon rights.
    Ex: He was told to ' keep up whatever it is he was doing' because he was doing great!.
    Ex: But to make matters worse, and as the drought rolls on, it is very likely that it won't rain again until October or November.
    * camino a seguir, el = way forward, the.
    * como siga así = at this rate.
    * como sigue = as follows.
    * debate + seguir = debate + rage.
    * difícil de seguir = heavy going.
    * el camino a seguir = the way ahead, the way to go.
    * hay que seguir adelante = the show must go on.
    * indicar el camino a seguir = point + the way forward.
    * indicar el camino a seguir para = point + the way to.
    * las cosas siguen igual = business as usual.
    * la vida + seguir = life + go on.
    * modelos a seguir = lessons learned [lessons learnt].
    * mostrar el camino a seguir = point + the way forward.
    * no saber cómo seguir = be stuck, get + stuck.
    * no seguir una norma = fall (far) short of + norm.
    * pautas a seguir = best practices, lessons learned [lessons learnt].
    * pendiente de seguir la última moda = fashion-conscious.
    * procedimiento a seguir = code of practice.
    * que sigue = ensuing.
    * que sigue una norma = compliant (with).
    * que uno sigue a su propio ritmo = self-paced, self-guided.
    * resignarse y seguir adelante = bite + the bullet.
    * seguir activo = remain + in being, remain + in place.
    * seguir adelante = go forward, forge + ahead, forge + forward, go ahead, go straight ahead, carry through, move along, move forward, press forward (with), move + forward, continue on + Posesivo + way, move on.
    * seguir adelante con = go ahead with, stick with.
    * seguir a flote = stay in + business, stay + afloat.
    * seguir al día = remain on top of.
    * seguir Algo al pie de la letra = follow + Nombre + to the letter.
    * seguir Algo a rajatabla = follow + Nombre + to the letter.
    * seguir al pie de la letra = keep + strictly to the letter.
    * seguir al pie del cañón = soldier on.
    * seguir a rajatabla = keep + strictly to the letter.
    * seguir así = keep + it up, keep up + the good work, keep up + the great work.
    * seguir avanzando = forge + ahead, forge + forward.
    * seguir caminando = continue on + Posesivo + way.
    * seguir como antes = go on + as before.
    * seguir como modelo = pattern.
    * seguir con = go on with, maintain + continuity, maintain + momentum, stick at.
    * seguir con Algo = take + Nombre + further.
    * seguir con el buen hacer = keep up + the good work, keep up + the great work.
    * seguir con el control = stay in + control.
    * seguir con el mando = stay in + control.
    * seguir con + Posesivo + vida normal = get on with + Posesivo + life.
    * seguir considerando = consider + further.
    * seguir de cerca = monitor, stay in + control, keep + track of.
    * seguir desarrollando = develop + further.
    * seguir el buen camino = keep on + the right track, keep on + the straight and narrow.
    * seguir el camino de la verdad = keep on + the straight and narrow.
    * seguir el camino más ético = take + the high ground, take + the high road.
    * seguir el debate = follow + the thread.
    * seguir el ejemplo = follow + the lead, take after.
    * seguir el ejemplo de = take + Posesivo + cue from, take + a cue from.
    * seguir el ejemplo de Alguien = take + a leaf out of + Posesivo + book, follow + Posesivo + example.
    * seguir el hilo = follow + the thread.
    * seguir el ritmo de Algo o Alguien = keep up with + pace.
    * seguir en contacto = stay + tuned.
    * seguir en contacto (con) = stay in + touch (with), keep in + touch (with).
    * seguir en existencia = remain + in being.
    * seguir en la brecha = soldier on.
    * seguir en pie = hold + Posesivo + own, hold up.
    * seguir entre los primeros = remain on top.
    * seguir enviando + Nombre = keep + Nombre + coming.
    * seguir este camino = go along + this road.
    * seguir este rumbo = proceed + along this way.
    * seguir + Gerundio = keep on + Gerundio.
    * seguir haciéndolo así = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir haciéndolo bien = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir haciendo lo mismo = business as usual.
    * seguir igual = be none the worse for wear.
    * seguir inmediatamente = fast on the heels of, on the heels of.
    * seguir inmediatamente a = come on + the heels of.
    * seguir irreconciliable con = remain + unreconciled to.
    * seguir la conversación = follow + the thread.
    * seguir la corazonada de uno = play + Posesivo + hunches.
    * seguir la corriente = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.
    * seguir la iniciativa = follow + the lead.
    * seguir la marcha de = monitor.
    * seguir la moda = catch + the fever.
    * seguir la pista = follow up, track, follow through, shadow, track down.
    * seguir la pista a un documento = chase + item.
    * seguir la pista de = keep + track of.
    * seguir la trayectoria = follow up, follow through.
    * seguirle el juego a, seguirle la corriente a = play along with.
    * seguirle la corriente a = play along with.
    * seguir levantado = stay up.
    * seguir líneas diferentes = be on different lines.
    * seguir lo mismo = remain + the same.
    * seguir los pasos de = follow in + the footsteps of.
    * seguir malgastando el dinero = throw + good money after bad.
    * seguir opuesto a = remain + unreconciled to.
    * seguir por delante de = keep + one step ahead of.
    * seguir por el buen camino = keep out of + trouble, keep on + the right track.
    * seguir + Posesivo + pasos = follow in + Posesivo + footsteps.
    * seguir progresando = forge + ahead, forge + forward.
    * seguirse = ensue.
    * seguir siendo = remain.
    * seguir siendo + Adjetivo = remain + Adjetivo.
    * seguir siendo lo mismo = remain + the same.
    * seguir sin agraciarse con = remain + unreconciled to.
    * seguir sin haberse traducido = remain + untranslated.
    * seguir sin reconciliarse con = remain + unreconciled to.
    * seguir sin traducirse = remain + untranslated.
    * seguir tirando el dinero = throw + good money after bad.
    * seguir trabajando aceptando una limitación = work (a)round + shortcoming, work (a)round + limitation, work (a)round + constraints.
    * seguir trabajando así = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir trabajando bien = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir tratando = discuss + further.
    * seguir una dirección = follow + path, take + path.
    * seguir una escala = fall along + a continuum.
    * seguir una estrategia = take + tack.
    * seguir una filosofía = espouse + philosophy.
    * seguir una metodología = adopt + approach.
    * seguir una práctica = adopt + practice.
    * seguir una táctica = take + tack.
    * seguir una trayectoria = follow + track.
    * seguir un camino = take + path, take + direction, tread + path, walk + path.
    * seguir un camino diferente = strike out on + a different path.
    * seguir un consejo = take + advice.
    * seguir un curso de acción = follow + track.
    * seguir un método = take + approach.
    * seguir un modelo = embrace + model, conform to + image.
    * seguir unos pasos = follow + steps.
    * seguir un patrón = conform to + image.
    * seguir un principio = adopt + convention.
    * seguir un rumbo diferente = take + a different turn.
    * seguir + Verbo = still + Verbo.
    * seguir vigente = hold + Posesivo + own.
    * seguir viviendo = live on.
    * seguir vivo = live on, stay + alive.
    * siguiendo = along.
    * siguiendo un estilo indicativo = indicatively.
    * si sigue así = at this rate.
    * si todo sigue igual = all (other) things being equal.
    * tiempo + seguir su marcha inexorable = time + march on.

    * * *
    seguir [ I30 ]
    vt
    A ‹persona/vehículo› to follow; ‹presa› to follow
    sígame, por favor follow me, please
    la hizo seguir por un detective he had her followed by a detective
    camina muy rápido, no la puedo seguir she walks very fast, I can't keep up with her
    siga (a) ese coche follow that car!
    creo que nos están siguiendo I think we're being followed
    la siguió con la mirada he followed her with his eyes
    le venían siguiendo los movimientos desde hacía meses they had been watching his movements for months
    seguidos cada vez más de cerca por los japoneses with the Japanese catching up o gaining on them all the time
    la mala suerte la seguía a todas partes she was dogged by bad luck wherever she went
    el que la sigue la consigue or la mata ( fam); if at first you don't succeed, try, try again
    B ‹camino/ruta›
    siga esta carretera hasta llegar al puente go along o take o follow this road as far as the bridge
    continuamos el viaje siguiendo la costa we continued our journey following the coast
    me paré a saludarla y seguí mi camino I stopped to say hello to her and went on my way
    si se sigue este camino se pasa por Capileira if you take this route you go through Capileira
    seguimos las huellas del animal hasta el río we tracked the animal to the river
    la enfermedad sigue su curso normal the illness is taking o running its normal course
    el tour sigue la ruta de Bolívar the tour follows the route taken by Bolivar
    siguiéndole los pasos al hermano mayor, decidió estudiar medicina following in his elder brother's footsteps, he decided to study medicine
    C (en el tiempo) to follow seguir A algo/algn to follow sth/sb
    los disturbios que siguieron a la manifestación the disturbances that followed the demonstration
    el hermano que me sigue está en Asunción the brother who comes after me is in Asunción
    D
    1 ‹instrucciones/consejo› to follow
    tienes que seguir el dictamen de tu conciencia you must be guided by your conscience
    2 (basarse en) ‹autor/teoría/método› to follow
    en su clasificación sigue a Sheldon he follows Sheldon in his classification
    sus esculturas siguen el modelo clásico her sculptures are in the classical style
    sigue a Kant she's a follower of Kant's philosophy
    sigue las líneas establecidas por nuestro fundador it follows the lines laid down by our founder
    E
    1 ‹trámite/procedimiento› to follow
    va a tener que seguir un tratamiento especial/una dieta hipocalórica you will have to undergo special treatment/follow a low-calorie diet
    se seguirá contra usted el procedimiento de suspensión del permiso de conducción steps will be taken leading to the withdrawal of your driver's license
    2 ( Educ) ‹curso› to take
    estoy siguiendo un cursillo de fotografía I'm doing o taking a short photography course
    ¿qué carrera piensas seguir? what are you thinking of studying o reading?
    F
    1 ‹explicaciones/profesor› to follow
    dicta demasiado rápido, no la puedo seguir she dictates too quickly, I can't keep up
    me cuesta seguir una conversación en francés I find it hard to follow a conversation in French
    ¿me siguen? are you with me?
    2
    (permanecer atento a): no sigo ese programa I don't watch that program, I'm not following that program
    sigue atentamente el curso de los acontecimientos he's following the course of events very closely
    sigue paso a paso la vida de su ídolo she keeps track of every detail of her idol's life
    seguimos muy de cerca su desarrollo we are keeping careful track of its development, we are following its development very closely
    ■ seguir
    vi
    A
    1 (por un camino) to go on
    siga derecho or todo recto hasta el final de la calle keep o go straight on to the end of the street
    sigue por esta calle hasta el semáforo go on down this street as far as the traffic lights
    el tren sigue hasta Salto the train goes on to Salto
    desde allí hay que seguir a pie/en mula from there you have to go on on foot/by mule
    2
    seguir adelante: ¿entienden? bien, entonces sigamos adelante do you understand? good, then let's carry on
    llueve ¿regresamos? — no, sigamos adelante it's raining, shall we go back? — no, let's go on o carry on
    resolvieron seguir adelante con los planes they decided to go ahead with their plans
    3
    ( Col) (entrar): siga por favor come in, please
    B
    (en un lugar, un estado): ¿tus padres siguen en Ginebra? are your parents still in Geneva?
    espero que sigan todos bien I hope you're all keeping well
    ¿sigues con la idea de mudarte? do you still intend to move?, are you still thinking of moving?
    sigo sin entender I still don't understand
    sigue soltera/tan bonita como siempre she's still single/as pretty as ever
    si sigue así de trabajador, llegará lejos if he carries on working as hard as this, he'll go a long way
    C
    1
    «tareas/investigaciones/rumores»: siguen las investigaciones en torno al crimen investigations are continuing into the crime
    sigue el buen tiempo en todo el país the good weather is continuing throughout the country, the whole country is still enjoying good weather
    si siguen estos rumores if these rumors persist
    2 seguir + GER:
    sigo pensando que deberíamos haber ido I still think we ought to have gone
    sigue leyendo tú, Elsa you read now, Elsa
    si sigues molestando te voy a echar if you carry on being a nuisance, I'm going to send you out
    seguiré haciéndolo a mi manera I'll go on o carry on doing it my way, I shall continue to do it my way ( frml)
    D
    1
    (venir después, estar contiguo): lee lo que sigue read what follows, read what comes next
    el capítulo que sigue the next chapter
    me bajo en la parada que sigue I get off at the next stop
    sigue una hora de música clásica there follows an hour of classical music
    2 «historia/poema» to continue
    ¿cómo sigue la canción? how does the song go on?
    [ S ] sigue en la página 8 continued on page 8
    la lista definitiva ha quedado como sigue the final list is as follows
    ( en tercera persona) seguirse DE algo to follow FROM sth
    de esto se sigue que su muerte no fue accidental it follows from this that her death was not accidental
    * * *

     

    seguir ( conjugate seguir) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹persona/vehículo/presa› to follow;
    ◊ camina muy rápido, no la puedo seguir she walks very fast, I can't keep up with her

    2 ‹camino/ruta› to follow, go along;
    ◊ siga esta carretera hasta llegar al puente go along o follow this road as far as the bridge;

    la saludé y seguí mi camino I said hello to her and went on (my way);
    la enfermedad sigue su curso normal the illness is running its normal course
    3
    a) ‹instrucciones/consejo/flecha› to follow

    b) ‹autor/método/tradición/moda› to follow;


    4
    a) ‹trámite/procedimiento› to follow;

    ‹ tratamiento› to undergo
    b) (Educ) ‹ curso› to do, take

    5 ‹explicaciones/profesor› to follow;
    ◊ dicta demasiado rápido, no la puedo seguir she dictates too quickly, I can't keep up

    verbo intransitivo
    1

    siga derecho or todo recto keep o go straight on;

    seguir de largo (AmL) to go straight past
    b)


    resolvieron seguir adelante con los planes they decided to go ahead with their plans
    c) (Col, Ven) ( entrar):

    ◊ siga por favor come in, please

    2 (en lugar, estado):
    ◊ ¿tus padres siguen en Ginebra? are your parents still in Geneva?;

    espero que sigan todos bien I hope you're all keeping well;
    sigue soltera she's still single;
    si las cosas siguen así … if things carry on like this …
    3 [tareas/buen tiempo/lluvia] to continue;
    [ rumores] to persist;

    seguiré haciéndolo a mi manera I'll go on o carry on doing it my way
    4


    el capítulo que sigue the next chapter
    b) [historia/poema] to continue, go on

    seguir
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to follow: ésta es la hermana que me sigue, she's the sister who comes after me
    me sigue a todas partes, he follows me wherever I go
    me seguía con la mirada, his eyes followed me
    2 (comprender) to understand, follow: no soy capaz de seguir el argumento, I can't follow the plot
    3 (una ruta, un camino, consejo) to follow
    4 (el ritmo, la moda) to keep: no sigues el ritmo, you aren't keeping time
    5 (el rastro, las huellas) to track
    6 (una actividad) sigue un curso de informática, she's doing a computer course
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (continuar) to keep (on), go on: seguiremos mañana, we'll continue tomorrow
    siguen casados, they are still married
    sigue tirando de la cuerda, keep (on) pulling at the rope ➣ Ver nota en continue y keep 2 (extenderse, llegar hasta) to stretch (out): los sembrados siguen hasta la ribera, the fields stretch down to the river-bank
    ' seguir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    atorarse
    - continuar
    - escala
    - golpe
    - impulsar
    - juego
    - profesar
    - rastrear
    - ritmo
    - sino
    - suceder
    - trece
    - adelante
    - bordear
    - camino
    - cauce
    - cerca
    - línea
    - llevar
    - moda
    - paso
    - perro
    - racha
    - separar
    - siga
    - sigo
    - trazar
    - ver
    English:
    act on
    - advice
    - along
    - carry on
    - closely
    - continue
    - despite
    - ensue
    - fight on
    - follow
    - follow up
    - forge
    - get on
    - go ahead
    - go on
    - go through with
    - hope
    - hotly
    - keep
    - keep on
    - lead
    - march on
    - monitor
    - move on
    - obey
    - pick up
    - play on
    - play upon
    - practice
    - practise
    - press ahead
    - proceed
    - pursue
    - push ahead
    - push on
    - rattle on
    - reasoning
    - run on
    - send on
    - shadow
    - soldier on
    - stalk
    - stand
    - stay out
    - struggle on
    - succeed
    - tail
    - take
    - track
    - trail
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [ir detrás de, tomar la ruta de] to follow;
    tú ve delante, que yo te sigo you go ahead, I'll follow o I'll go behind;
    síganme, por favor follow me, please;
    la generación que nos sigue o [m5] que sigue a la nuestra the next generation, the generation after us;
    sigue este sendero hasta llegar a un bosque follow this path until you come to a forest;
    seguir el rastro de alguien/algo to follow sb's/sth's tracks;
    siga la flecha [en letrero] follow the arrow
    2. [perseguir] to follow;
    me parece que nos siguen I think we're being followed;
    parece que le siguen los problemas trouble seems to follow him around wherever he goes;
    el que la sigue la consigue where there's a will there's a way
    3. [estar atento a, imitar, obedecer] to follow;
    seguían con la vista la trayectoria de la bola they followed the ball with their eyes;
    no seguimos ese programa we don't follow that programme;
    seguir algo de cerca [su desarrollo, sus resultados] to follow o monitor sth closely;
    siempre sigue los dictámenes de la moda she always follows the latest fashion;
    los que siguen a Keynes followers of Keynes;
    el cuadro sigue una línea clásica the painting is classical in style;
    seguir las órdenes/instrucciones de alguien to follow sb's orders/instructions;
    sigue mi consejo y habla con ella take my advice and talk to her;
    siguiendo sus indicaciones, hemos cancelado el pedido we have cancelled the order as instructed
    4. [reanudar, continuar] to continue, to resume;
    yo seguí mi trabajo/camino I continued with my work/on my way;
    él siguió su discurso he continued o resumed his speech
    5. [comprender] [explicación, profesor, conferenciante] to follow;
    me costaba seguirle I found her hard to follow;
    ¿me sigues? do you follow?, are you with me?
    6. [mantener, someterse a] to follow;
    hay que seguir un cierto orden you have to follow o do things in a certain order;
    seguiremos el procedimiento habitual we will follow the usual procedure;
    es difícil seguirle (el ritmo), va muy deprisa it's hard to keep up with him, he goes very quickly;
    los aspirantes elegidos seguirán un proceso de formación the chosen candidates will receive o undergo training
    7. [cursar]
    sigue un curso de italiano he's doing an Italian course;
    sigue la carrera de medicina she's studying medicine
    ♦ vi
    1. [proseguir, no detenerse] to continue, to go on;
    ¡sigue, no te pares! go o carry on, don't stop!;
    aquí se baja él, yo sigo [al taxista] he's getting out here, I'm going on;
    siga con su trabajo carry on with your work;
    el sendero sigue hasta la cima the path continues o carries on to the top;
    "sigue la crisis en la bolsa de Tokio" Tokyo stock market crisis continues;
    debes seguir haciéndolo you should keep on o carry on doing it;
    ¿vas a seguir intentándolo? are you going to keep trying?;
    se seguían viendo de vez en cuando they still saw each other from time to time, they continued to see each other from time to time;
    seguir adelante (con algo) [con planes, proyectos] to go ahead (with sth)
    2. [mantenerse, permanecer]
    sigue enferma/en el hospital she's still ill/in hospital;
    ¿qué tal sigue la familia? how's the family getting on o keeping?;
    todo sigue igual everything's still the same, nothing has changed;
    sigue el buen tiempo en el sur del país the good weather in the south of the country is continuing;
    sigo trabajando en la fábrica I'm still working at the factory;
    ¿la sigues queriendo? do you still love her?;
    sigo pensando que está mal I still think it's wrong;
    sigue habiendo dudas sobre… doubts remain about…;
    ¡buen trabajo, sigue así! good work, keep it up!;
    si seguimos jugando así, ganaremos la liga if we carry on o keep playing like that, we'll win the league;
    Fam
    a seguir bien [como despedida] take care, look after yourself;
    de seguir así las cosas, si las cosas siguen así if things go on like this, the way things are going
    3. [tomar un camino]
    el resto siguió por otro camino the rest went another way;
    seguiremos hacia el este we'll go east then;
    siga todo recto go straight on;
    siga hasta el siguiente semáforo carry on till you get to the next set of traffic lights
    4. [sucederse, ir después] to follow;
    lo que sigue es una cita del Corán the following is a quotation from the Koran;
    seguir a algo to follow sth;
    la lluvia siguió a los truenos the thunder was followed by rain;
    ¿cómo sigue el chiste? how does the joke go on o continue?;
    el proceso de selección se realizará como sigue:… the selection process will be carried out as follows:…;
    sigue en la página 20 [en periódico, libro] continued on page 20
    5. Col [para dar permiso] please do;
    con permiso, ¿puedo entrar? – siga excuse me, can I come in? – please do
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 consejo, camino, moda etc follow;
    seguir a alguien follow s.o.
    :
    seguir fiel a alguien remain faithful to s.o.
    II v/i continue, carry on;
    seguir con algo continue with sth, carry on with sth;
    seguir haciendo algo go on doing sth, continue to do sth;
    sigue cometiendo los mismos errores he keeps on making the same mistakes;
    sigue enfadado conmigo he’s still angry with me;
    ¡a seguir bien! take care!, take it easy!
    * * *
    seguir {75} vt
    1) : to follow
    el sol sigue la lluvia: sunshine follows the rain
    seguiré tu consejo: I'll follow your advice
    me siguieron con la mirada: they followed me with their eyes
    2) : to go along, to keep on
    seguimos toda la carretera panamericana: we continued along the PanAmerican Highway
    siguió hablando: he kept on talking
    seguir el curso: to stay on course
    3) : to take (a course, a treatment)
    seguir vi
    1) : to go on, to keep going
    sigue adelante: keep going, carry on
    2) : to remain, to continue to be
    ¿todavía sigues aquí?: you're still here?
    sigue con vida: she's still alive
    3) : to follow, to come after
    la frase que sigue: the following sentence
    * * *
    seguir vb
    1. (en general) to follow
    3. (recorrer) to go on
    ¡sigue! No te pares go on! Don't stop!
    4. (continuar) to be still

    Spanish-English dictionary > seguir

  • 16 aunque

    conj.
    1 even though, although (a pesar de que).
    tendrás que venir aunque no quieras you'll have to come, even if you don't want to
    aunque es caro, me lo voy a comprar although it's expensive I'm going to buy it, I'm going to buy it even though it's expensive
    2 although (pero).
    es lista, aunque un poco perezosa she's clever, although o if a little lazy
    * * *
    1 (valor concesivo) although, though; (con énfasis) even if, even though
    ■ es duro, aunque justo he's tough but fair
    * * *
    conj.
    although, though, even though, even if
    * * *
    CONJ although, though, even though

    es guapa aunque algo bajita — she's pretty but rather short, she's pretty even if she is on the short side

    aunque más... — however much..., no matter how much...

    AUNQUE Aunque se puede traducir al inglés por although, though, even though o even if. ► Por regla general, cuando la cláusula introducida por aunque indica un hecho ( aunque + ((indicativo))), en inglés coloquial se traduce por though y en lenguaje más formal por although: Aunque había un montón de gente, al final pude encontrar a Carlos Though there were a lot of people there, I managed to find Carlos No esperaba eso de él, aunque entiendo por qué lo hizo I did not expect that from him, although I can understand why he did it ► Even though introduce la oración subordinada, enfatizando con más fuerza el contraste con la principal, cuando aunque va seguido de un hecho concreto, no una hipótesis, y equivale a a pesar de que: Llevaba un abrigo de piel, aunque era un día muy caluroso She wore a fur coat, even though it was a very hot day ► Si aunque tiene el sentido de incluso si ( aunque + ((subjuntivo))), se traduce por even if: Debes ir, aunque no quieras You must go, even if you don't want to Me dijo que no me lo diría, aunque lo supiera He said he wouldn't tell me even if he knew Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
    * * *
    a) (+ indicativo) although

    aunque llegué tarde conseguí entradas — although o even though I got there late I managed to get tickets

    es simpático, aunque algo tímido — he's very likable, if somewhat shy

    b) ( respondiendo a una objeción) (+ subjuntivo)

    es millonario, aunque no lo parezca — he's a millionaire though he may not look it

    aunque no lo creas... — believe it or not...

    2) (refiriéndose a posibilidades, hipótesis) (+ subjuntivo) even if

    cómetelo, aunque no te guste — eat it, even if you don't like it

    dale aunque más no sea unos pesos — (RPl) at least give him a few pesos

    * * *
    = admittedly, albeit (that), although, but, even though, while, whilst, even when, though, if, but still, but then again.
    Ex. Admittedly, this relevant part of the classified file may not be the specific class he wants.
    Ex. Present, classical catalog designs are elaborations, albeit considerable elaborations, of these sixteenth-century developments.
    Ex. These are the strengths of the Journal of Common Market Studies, although even this journal has a wider remit than its title suggest.
    Ex. Learning takes place in one environment but is put to work in another, and the learner is left to make the transition.
    Ex. Their objectives are however slightly different, even though in any discussion of computerised cataloguing systems co-operative networks and centralised cataloguing are inextricably linked.
    Ex. While the resulting A/Z entries are not 'wrong', they tend to be clumsy.
    Ex. Thus some current awareness services can be purchased from external vendors, whilst others may be offered by a library or information unit to its particular group of users.
    Ex. On-line data banks are still expanding, as they provide unrivalled services, even when these have to be paid for by users.
    Ex. This is not to say, though, that in some countries the 'all' that is available to gather into a current national bibliography is only that which the ruling government approve of.
    Ex. Don't go to France thinking that your cherished ancient library from your 50s/60s school days remains unchanged amid the splendour of its beautiful if dingy old digs.
    Ex. Less well-reported but still widely collected types of use included newly registered borrowers, visits, reference questions, in-library use, and off site program attendance = Otros datos sobre los que se dio menos información aunque todas las bibliotecas los recogen eran el número de nuevos usuarios, las visitas, las preguntas de referencia, el uso dentro de la biblioteca y la asistencia a actividades organizas fuera de la biblioteca.
    Ex. But then again, there are thousands of such ditses out there that need mental help.
    ----
    * aunque a decir verdad = Mind you.
    * aunque a menudo = if often.
    * aunque en balde = but (all) to no avail.
    * aunque en vano = but (all) to no avail.
    * aunque la mona se vista de seda, mona se queda = You can't make a silk purse out of a sow's ear, You can take the boy out of the country, but you can't take the country out of the boy, You can take the boy out of the country, but you can't take the country out of the boy.
    * aunque me fuera la vida en ello = for the life of me.
    * aunque no lo creas = believe it or not.
    * aunque no lo parezca = oddly enough, strangely enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.
    * aunque no sea para otra cosa = if nothing else.
    * aunque no siempre = if not always.
    * aunque no sirva para otra cosa = if nothing else.
    * aunque parezca difícil = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.
    * aunque parezca extraño = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.
    * aunque parezca increíble = incredibly, incredible though it may seem, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.
    * aunque parezca mentira = amazingly enough, believe it or not, strangely enough, incredibly, incredible though it may seem, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, although it may seem incredible.
    * aunque parezca raro = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough.
    * aunque parezca razo = funnily.
    * aunque por otro lado = but otherwise.
    * aunque sin ningún resultado = but (all) to no avail.
    * aunque sólo sea porque = if only because.
    * * *
    a) (+ indicativo) although

    aunque llegué tarde conseguí entradas — although o even though I got there late I managed to get tickets

    es simpático, aunque algo tímido — he's very likable, if somewhat shy

    b) ( respondiendo a una objeción) (+ subjuntivo)

    es millonario, aunque no lo parezca — he's a millionaire though he may not look it

    aunque no lo creas... — believe it or not...

    2) (refiriéndose a posibilidades, hipótesis) (+ subjuntivo) even if

    cómetelo, aunque no te guste — eat it, even if you don't like it

    dale aunque más no sea unos pesos — (RPl) at least give him a few pesos

    * * *
    = admittedly, albeit (that), although, but, even though, while, whilst, even when, though, if, but still, but then again.

    Ex: Admittedly, this relevant part of the classified file may not be the specific class he wants.

    Ex: Present, classical catalog designs are elaborations, albeit considerable elaborations, of these sixteenth-century developments.
    Ex: These are the strengths of the Journal of Common Market Studies, although even this journal has a wider remit than its title suggest.
    Ex: Learning takes place in one environment but is put to work in another, and the learner is left to make the transition.
    Ex: Their objectives are however slightly different, even though in any discussion of computerised cataloguing systems co-operative networks and centralised cataloguing are inextricably linked.
    Ex: While the resulting A/Z entries are not 'wrong', they tend to be clumsy.
    Ex: Thus some current awareness services can be purchased from external vendors, whilst others may be offered by a library or information unit to its particular group of users.
    Ex: On-line data banks are still expanding, as they provide unrivalled services, even when these have to be paid for by users.
    Ex: This is not to say, though, that in some countries the 'all' that is available to gather into a current national bibliography is only that which the ruling government approve of.
    Ex: Don't go to France thinking that your cherished ancient library from your 50s/60s school days remains unchanged amid the splendour of its beautiful if dingy old digs.
    Ex: Less well-reported but still widely collected types of use included newly registered borrowers, visits, reference questions, in-library use, and off site program attendance = Otros datos sobre los que se dio menos información aunque todas las bibliotecas los recogen eran el número de nuevos usuarios, las visitas, las preguntas de referencia, el uso dentro de la biblioteca y la asistencia a actividades organizas fuera de la biblioteca.
    Ex: But then again, there are thousands of such ditses out there that need mental help.
    * aunque a decir verdad = Mind you.
    * aunque a menudo = if often.
    * aunque en balde = but (all) to no avail.
    * aunque en vano = but (all) to no avail.
    * aunque la mona se vista de seda, mona se queda = You can't make a silk purse out of a sow's ear, You can take the boy out of the country, but you can't take the country out of the boy, You can take the boy out of the country, but you can't take the country out of the boy.
    * aunque me fuera la vida en ello = for the life of me.
    * aunque no lo creas = believe it or not.
    * aunque no lo parezca = oddly enough, strangely enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.
    * aunque no sea para otra cosa = if nothing else.
    * aunque no siempre = if not always.
    * aunque no sirva para otra cosa = if nothing else.
    * aunque parezca difícil = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.
    * aunque parezca extraño = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.
    * aunque parezca increíble = incredibly, incredible though it may seem, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.
    * aunque parezca mentira = amazingly enough, believe it or not, strangely enough, incredibly, incredible though it may seem, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, although it may seem incredible.
    * aunque parezca raro = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough.
    * aunque parezca razo = funnily.
    * aunque por otro lado = but otherwise.
    * aunque sin ningún resultado = but (all) to no avail.
    * aunque sólo sea porque = if only because.

    * * *
    1 (+ indicativo) although
    aunque llegamos tarde conseguimos entradas although o even though we got there late we managed to get tickets
    por lo menos antes se oía; aunque mal, se oía at least before you could hear it, not very well, but you could hear it
    es simpático, aunque algo tímido he's very likable, if somewhat shy
    le dije que sí, aunque la verdad es que no tengo ganas de ir I said yes, although o though to be quite honest I don't feel like going
    aunque a ti no te guste, es muy bonito you may not like it, but it's very pretty
    es millonario, aunque no lo parezca he's a millionaire though he may not look it
    aunque no lo creas sacó la mejor nota believe it or not she got the best marks
    B (refiriéndose a posibilidades, hipótesis) (+ subjuntivo) even if
    come lo que te sirvan, aunque no te guste eat whatever you're given, even if you don't like it
    mándales unas flores, aunque sea at least send them some flowers
    dale aunque más no sea unos pesos ( RPl); at least give him a few pesos
    * * *

     

    aunque conjunción
    1 ( a pesar de que)


    b) ( respondiendo a una objeción) (+ subjuntivo):

    ◊ es millonario, aunque no lo parezca he's a millionaire though he may not look it;

    aunque no lo creas … believe it or not …
    2 (refiriéndose a posibilidades, hipótesis) (+ subjuntivo) even if;

    aunque conj although, though
    (incluso si) even if
    aunque no te lo creas, even if you don't believe it o believe it or not
    (a pesar de) even though
    aunque llegamos tarde, no perdimos el tren, even though we were late, we didn't miss the train
    Fíjate en estos dos sentidos de aunque:
    1) a pesar de
    though     - más informal
    although - más formal
    even though - más enfático
    2) incluso si, even if
    ' aunque' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abogada
    - abogado
    - apellido
    - así
    - comida
    - cuando
    - fonéticamente
    - más
    - mentira
    - ni
    - pesar
    - política
    - rentabilidad
    - salario
    - sellar
    - siquiera
    - toda
    - todo
    - creer
    - parecer
    English:
    albeit
    - alike
    - although
    - as
    - believe
    - blusher
    - delicate
    - devoted
    - even
    - further
    - hate
    - have
    - if
    - lady
    - love
    - oddly
    - shall
    - should
    - tear away
    - though
    - while
    - odds
    - strangely
    * * *
    aunque conj
    1. [a pesar de que] even though, although;
    [incluso si] even if;
    tendrás que venir aunque no quieras you'll have to come, even if you don't want to;
    aunque quisiera no podría even if I wanted to, I wouldn't be able to;
    aunque es caro, me lo voy a comprar although it's expensive I'm going to buy it, I'm going to buy it even though it's expensive;
    aunque me cae bien, no me fío de él much as I like him, I don't trust him;
    aunque no te lo creas llegó el primero believe it or not, he came first;
    aunque parezca mentira strange as it may seem, believe it or not;
    aunque parezca raro oddly enough, odd though it may seem;
    cómprale aunque sea una caja de bombones buy her something, even if it's only a box of chocolates;
    RP
    decime la verdad aunque más no sea at least tell me the truth
    2. [pero] although;
    es lista, aunque un poco perezosa she's clever, although o if a little lazy;
    aquellos cuadros no están mal, aunque éstos me gustan más those paintings aren't bad, but I like these (ones) better
    * * *
    conj
    1 although, even though
    2 + subj even if
    * * *
    aunque conj
    1) : though, although, even if, even though
    2)
    aunque sea : at least
    * * *
    aunque conj
    1. (a pesar de que) although / even though
    aunque no quería, tuve que ir although I didn't want to, I had to go
    era simpático, aunque parecía serio even though he seemed serious, he was nice
    aunque sólo llevo 5 meses aquí, me siento muy a gusto although I've only lived here for 5 months, I feel very much at home
    2. (incluso si) even if
    sale a pasear todos los días, aunque caigan chuzos de punta he goes for a walk every day even if it's pouring with rain

    Spanish-English dictionary > aunque

  • 17 إلى

    إلى \ to: showing possession or position: It belongs to them. It was stuck to the wall, in expressions of place and time; showing where sb. or sth. goes; showing an aim or limit; showing a point that is reached: We walked to school. He jumped on to the table. I was away from June to October. against: touching (usually sth. upright): He pressed his nose against the glass. for: towards: We set off for home. into: showing a change of condition: The castle was turned into a hotel. till, until: up to (a certain time): We waited from 6.30 till midnight. \ إلى \ there: in or to that place: Let’s go there; we line there. \ See Also في ذلك المكان \ إلى \ somewhere: in or to some place (but usu. anywhere in negative sentences and questions): I’ve met him somewhere before. Let’s go somewhere peaceful (to some peaceful place). \ See Also أو في مَكانٍ ما \ إلى الأبَد \ forever: (also two words: (for ever) for always; endlessly: I can’t wait forever. \ إلى أَبْعَد حَدّ \ exceedingly: very: He’s exceedingly clever. extremely: very: You’re extremely kind. \ إلى أَبْعَد الحُدود \ ever so: very: It’s ever so easy. \ إلى أَبْعَد مِن \ farther: at or to a greater distance: I was too tired to go farther. \ إلى اتّجاه آخر \ round: so as to face in a different or opposite direction: The wind went round from east to north. He turned the car round and went back. \ إلى الاتّجاه المُضادّ \ round: so as to face in a different or opposite direction: The wind went round from east to north. He turned the car round and went back. \ إلى الآخِر \ right: all the way: Go right to the end of the road. Go right back to the beginning. \ إلى أَسْفَل \ down: from a higher level to a lower one: The aeroplane came down slowly, from a higher level to a lower one: I climbed down the tree. The rope hung down the wall. downward, downwards: in a downward direction: He lay, face downwards, on the grass. over: to from an upright (or straight) position to a flat (or bent) position: I fell over. He knocked me over. \ إلى أَعْلَى \ up: towards the top of: We climbed up the hill, in or to higher position: She lives up in the hills. She looked up at the stars. He got up from his chair. Prices often go up. uphill: up a slope: The road winds uphill for a mile. upward: in an upward direction: The aeroplane flew upwards. \ إلى أَعْلَى وإلى أسفل \ up and down: off the ground and back to it; higher and lower: He was jumping up and down. He waved his stick up and down. \ إلى أَقْصَى ما أعرِفه عنه \ to the best of sb.’s knowledge: as far as I know: To the best of my knowledge, he is honest (I have no reason to doubt his honesty). \ إلى الأَمام \ along: on; forward: She hurried along. forth: old use forwards; onwards. forward: also forwards towards the front: He stepped forward(s) to greet me. \ إلى أَن \ (prep. fml.) pending: until: I put his letter in a drawer, pending his arrival. till: up to the time when: I waited till he was ready. until: up to the time that: She stayed until I returned. \ إلى الآن \ hitherto: up to now: Hitherto, he had never been absent from work. \ إلى أو بارتفاع الرُّكبة \ knee-deep: up to the knees: The river was only knee-deep. \ إلى أو في الاتِّجاه المُعَاكِس \ about: facing the opposite way: The ship turned about and came back to harbour. \ إلى أو في داخِل \ into: (showing direction) in: He fell into a hole. She came into the house. \ إلى أو نحو الأرض \ down: on to the ground: I fell down. He knocked me down. \ إلى أو نَحْوَ الدّاخِل \ inwards: towards the inside: The door opened inwards. \ إلى أيّ حَدّ \ any: (with comparative words) at all; in any way: Do you feel any better?He’s too old to go any faster. \ إلى أَيْنَ؟ \ where: in or to what place: Where do you live? Where are you going?. \ إلى الجانِب الآخر \ over: across, from one side to the other: The gate was locked, so he climbed over. \ إلى الجهة الأخرى \ the other way round: in the opposite direction; happening in another order or relationship: Turn the chair the other way round so that you can see out of the window. George didn’t hit John - it was the other way round (John hit George). \ إلى الجهة أو الناحية الأخرى \ over: so that a different side is upwards: Turn the page over. Roll the body over. \ إلى حَدّ أنّهُ \ so: showing an effect: It was so cold that the water froze. He’s not so ill as to need a doctor. \ إلى حَدٍّ بعيد \ by far: by a long way or very much: He is by far the better player of the two. He plays better by far. largely: mostly: The accident was largely his own fault. quite: (often followed by but) not very, but reasonably; fairly: She’s quite tall, but not as tall as you. He’s quite a nice boy, but he’s lazy. stiff: (with the verbs bore, scare, worry) to a state of tiredness; nearly to death: Long speeches bore me stiff. \ إلى حَدٍّ كبير \ enormously: very greatly: I enjoyed myself enormously. madly: in a mad way; very much: He’s madly keen on football. much: greatly: I don’t much like it. such: of a kind that produces a certain result: It was such a heavy box that I could not lift it. Its weight was such that I could not lift it. \ إلى حَدٍّ ما \ fairly: (with an adj. or adv.) slightly; not completely: a fairly easy job; fairly well done. moderately: reasonably; quite, but not very: I’m moderately sure about it. It was a moderately warm day. more or less: about, but not exactly: She’s more or less ready, but she can’t find her handbag. partially: not wholly; not completely: He’s partially blind. partly: not completely; in regard to a part: It was partly my fault, and partly his. rather: not very, but fairly: I was rather sorry to miss that meeting. We arrived rather (slightly) earlier than we expected. reasonably: fairly; enough, but not completely: I’m reasonably certain of success. slightly: a little: He’s slightly taller than I am. somewhat: rather: He’s somewhat older than you are. to a certain degree: not completely: To a certain degree, it was my fault. pretty: fairly; comparatively: a pretty cheap car (cheaper than most cars). \ See Also جزئيا (جزئيًّا)، باعتدال، تقريبا (تقريبًا)‏ \ إلى حَيْثُ \ where: in or to the place in which: I’m going where I always go. Leave him where he is. \ See Also حيث (حَيْثُ)‏ \ إلى الخَارج \ abroad: in or to another country: I spent my holiday abroad. out: from inside: The door opened and a man came out. \ See Also في الخَارِج \ إلى الخَلْف \ back: away from the front: Stand back from the fire. backward(s): towards the back: He fell over backwards. \ إلى داخِل \ in: showing entrance or direction: He looked in through the window. He came in. He threw a stone in. inside: on (or to) the inside of: Please wait inside the room. \ See Also في داخِل \ إلى درجة أَقَلّ \ down: less; to a weaker or lower state: First heat the metal up, then cool it down. We must cut down our costs. \ إلى الطَّابق الأَسْفَل \ down: downstairs: He’s out of bed and he’ll be down in a minute. downstairs: down the stairs: He hurried downstairs. \ إلى غير رَجْعَة \ for good: for ever: I’ve stopped smoking for good. \ إلى فَوْق \ up: towards the top of: We climbed up the hill. \ See Also فوق (فَوْق)‏ \ إلى قِطع صغيرة \ to bits: (after verbs like come, go, fall, blow, cut, tear) into little pieces: My glasses fell to bits on the floor. \ إلى ما قبلَ (وقت محدد)‏ \ hitherto: up to now; up to the past time already spoken of: Hitherto, he had never been absent from work. \ إلى النِّهاية \ out: completely: I was tired out. right: all the way: Go right to the end of the road. up: (with verbs) completely; to the end: Finish up your food. \ إلى هذا الحَدّ \ so far: until now: We’ve won six games so far. this: so: I didn’t expect him to be this late (so late as he is) The fish was only this big (the size that I’m showing you). \ See Also حتّى الآن \ إلى هُنا \ here: at, in or to this place: I live here. Come here! He lives near here. Is the hospital far from here?. \ See Also هنا (هُنا)‏ \ إلى هُناك \ there: to that place: Let’s go there. \ See Also هناك (هُناك)‏ \ إلى اليَمين \ clockwise: in the direction taken by the hands of a clock: To open this lock, turn the key clockwise (or in a clockwise direction).

    Arabic-English dictionary > إلى

  • 18 en relación con

    = in association with, in conjunction with, in connection with, in relation to, in respect of, in terms of, in the way of, relating to, relative to, vis à vis, with reference to, with regard(s) to, apropos of, as it relates to, in the context of, for purposes of, on the matter of, re, regarding, apropos to, in reference to, concerning, in keeping with
    Ex. Notices conveying, for example, the essential elements of the catalogue are likely to be especially important in association with microfilm or card catalogues.
    Ex. Rules for any given class must be used in conjunction with the schedules for that class.
    Ex. There is an index to the schedules, but this has been criticised in connection with the size of the entry vocabulary.
    Ex. It is easiest to discuss the criteria for effective schedules in relation to the treatment of specific subjects.
    Ex. It is perhaps fortunate that the array of terms that are used to describe indexes is a little more restricted than the variety of terms used in respect of catalogues.
    Ex. And we have all of the ingredients for the creation of an atmosphere in which the proponents of expediency could couch their arguments in terms of cost effectiveness.
    Ex. Indeed, the changes are so rapid and so diverse, our plans for the future must also include what is presently possible in the way of information dissemination.
    Ex. Recommendations relating to analytical cataloguing practices concern themselves primarily with the way in which the part of a document or work to be accessed is described.
    Ex. It was apparent that the responders to the investigation were somewhat unsure of their future situation relative to the burgeoning information education market = Era claro que los entrevistados en la investigacion no se sentían muy seguros sobre su situación futura en relación con el incipiente mercado de las enseñanzas de documentación.
    Ex. The information note following the explanatory heading provides guidance to the user of the catalogue vis à vis the conventions used in formulating uniform headings.
    Ex. General points have been illustrated with reference to the cataloguing of books.
    Ex. KWOC or Keyword Out of Context indexes are intended to improve upon KWIC indexes, with regards to layout and presentation.
    Ex. After a few tangential remarks apropos of nothing, Carmichael left, a considerably less anxious person.
    Ex. This article reviews the mission of the ALA's Committee on Accreditation (COA) and examines its role as it relates to the education of librarians qualified to work with children and young people.
    Ex. The exploration aims to view table of contents terminology in the context of functions served by other representations of subject information, including Library of Congress subject headings, work title terminology, and author-contributed front matter.
    Ex. This article discusses the advantages to libraries of computer technology for purposes of bibliographic control and on-line access.
    Ex. Again, on the matter of the sources already consulted by the enquirer, the implication is not that he is unreliable or deceitful, but that in looking up the Encyclopedia Americana he may not be aware of the existence of the index.
    Ex. This reawakening brought a determination to help make atomic energy a positive factor for humanity but things have gone from bad to worse re genuine disarmament.
    Ex. In major enumerative schemes synthesis is often controlled by careful instructions regarding citation order.
    Ex. Thus, self-presentation becomes a dynamic conception of people structuring their relations apropos to their life-space, rather than a theory of how to win friends and influence people.
    Ex. We now know enough in reference to the prevention and cure of communicable diseases so that the average human life might be lengthened by a third.
    Ex. Having been alerted to the existence of a document, the user needs information concerning the actual location of the document, in order that the document may be read.
    Ex. This revised chapter modified the code in keeping with the recently agreed ISBD(M), and proposed a slightly different description for monographs.
    * * *
    = in association with, in conjunction with, in connection with, in relation to, in respect of, in terms of, in the way of, relating to, relative to, vis à vis, with reference to, with regard(s) to, apropos of, as it relates to, in the context of, for purposes of, on the matter of, re, regarding, apropos to, in reference to, concerning, in keeping with

    Ex: Notices conveying, for example, the essential elements of the catalogue are likely to be especially important in association with microfilm or card catalogues.

    Ex: Rules for any given class must be used in conjunction with the schedules for that class.
    Ex: There is an index to the schedules, but this has been criticised in connection with the size of the entry vocabulary.
    Ex: It is easiest to discuss the criteria for effective schedules in relation to the treatment of specific subjects.
    Ex: It is perhaps fortunate that the array of terms that are used to describe indexes is a little more restricted than the variety of terms used in respect of catalogues.
    Ex: And we have all of the ingredients for the creation of an atmosphere in which the proponents of expediency could couch their arguments in terms of cost effectiveness.
    Ex: Indeed, the changes are so rapid and so diverse, our plans for the future must also include what is presently possible in the way of information dissemination.
    Ex: Recommendations relating to analytical cataloguing practices concern themselves primarily with the way in which the part of a document or work to be accessed is described.
    Ex: It was apparent that the responders to the investigation were somewhat unsure of their future situation relative to the burgeoning information education market = Era claro que los entrevistados en la investigacion no se sentían muy seguros sobre su situación futura en relación con el incipiente mercado de las enseñanzas de documentación.
    Ex: The information note following the explanatory heading provides guidance to the user of the catalogue vis à vis the conventions used in formulating uniform headings.
    Ex: General points have been illustrated with reference to the cataloguing of books.
    Ex: KWOC or Keyword Out of Context indexes are intended to improve upon KWIC indexes, with regards to layout and presentation.
    Ex: After a few tangential remarks apropos of nothing, Carmichael left, a considerably less anxious person.
    Ex: This article reviews the mission of the ALA's Committee on Accreditation (COA) and examines its role as it relates to the education of librarians qualified to work with children and young people.
    Ex: The exploration aims to view table of contents terminology in the context of functions served by other representations of subject information, including Library of Congress subject headings, work title terminology, and author-contributed front matter.
    Ex: This article discusses the advantages to libraries of computer technology for purposes of bibliographic control and on-line access.
    Ex: Again, on the matter of the sources already consulted by the enquirer, the implication is not that he is unreliable or deceitful, but that in looking up the Encyclopedia Americana he may not be aware of the existence of the index.
    Ex: This reawakening brought a determination to help make atomic energy a positive factor for humanity but things have gone from bad to worse re genuine disarmament.
    Ex: In major enumerative schemes synthesis is often controlled by careful instructions regarding citation order.
    Ex: Thus, self-presentation becomes a dynamic conception of people structuring their relations apropos to their life-space, rather than a theory of how to win friends and influence people.
    Ex: We now know enough in reference to the prevention and cure of communicable diseases so that the average human life might be lengthened by a third.
    Ex: Having been alerted to the existence of a document, the user needs information concerning the actual location of the document, in order that the document may be read.
    Ex: This revised chapter modified the code in keeping with the recently agreed ISBD(M), and proposed a slightly different description for monographs.

    Spanish-English dictionary > en relación con

  • 19 результат

    (см. также факт) result, effect, consequence, finding
    • Результат более общего типа формулируется следующим образом. - The following is a more general result of the same kind.
    • Более определенные результаты были сформулированы Смитом [1]. - More definite results have been formulated by Smith [1].
    • В действительности данный результат означает, что... - This result means, in effect, that...
    • В результате практически все, работающие в данной области, желали допустить, что... - As a result, practically everyone in the field was willing to admit that...
    • В результате преобразования уравнение (1) принимает вид... - After simplification equation (1) becomes...
    • В результате следует заключить, что... - Consequently, one must conclude that...
    • В результате существовала тенденция... - As a result, there has been a tendency to...
    • В результате этого происходит заметное уменьшение... - This results in a marked decrease in...
    • В результате, теперь достаточно лишь доказать, что... - Consequently it is enough to prove that...
    • В соответствии с данным результатом мы можем определить... - In accordance with this result, we may identify...
    • В то же самое время, данные результаты указывают, что... - At the same time, the results indicate that...
    • В этом приложении мы приводим результаты... - In this appendix we present the results of...
    • Важность данного результата состоит в том, что он четко устанавливает... - The importance of this result is that it clearly establishes...
    • Возможно, наилучший способ сформулировать результаты - это... - Probably the best way to express the results is to use...
    • Можно грубо выразить (= сформулировать) тот же результат, говоря, что... - This result is expressed roughly by saying that...
    • Данный результат должен выглядеть знакомым любому, кто изучал... - This result should look familiar to anyone who has studied...
    • Данный результат допускает простую геометрическую интерпретацию. - The result admits a simple geometrical interpretation.
    • Данный результат имеет простую физическую интерпретацию. - This result has a simple physical interpretation.
    • Данный результат может быть сформулирован в несколько более простой форме следующим образом. - This result can be written in a slightly simpler form as follows.
    • Данный результат находится в полном согласии с... - The result is in perfect agreement with...
    • Данный результат объясняет/разъясняет... - This result explains...
    • Данный результат объясняется и качественно, и количественно предположением, что... - This result is both qualitatively and quantitatively explained by the assumption that...
    • Данный результат окажется полезным при обсуждении (чего-л). - This result will prove useful in the discussion of...
    • Данный результат остается справедливым, если... - The result remains true if...
    • Данный результат принадлежит Гауссу. - This result is due to Gauss.
    • Данный результат следует немедленно, если мы можем показать, что... - The result will follow immediately if we can show that...
    • Данный результат согласуется с... - This result is in agreement with...
    • Данный результат также может быть получен с применением... - This result can also be obtained by the application of...
    • Данный результат, который можно легко проверить, состоит в том, что... - The result, which may be easily verified, is...
    • Для того, чтобы доказать этот результат, мы должны, во-первых, вычислить... - In order to prove this result we must first calculate...
    • Другой интересный результат, принадлежащий Риману, состоит в том, что... - Another interesting result, due to Riemann, is. that...
    • Другой способ получения того же результата появляется, если заметить, что... - Another way of obtaining the same result is to note that...
    • Его результаты могут быть подытожены следующей теоремой. - His results may be summed up in the following theorem.
    • Если мы используем результат (7), то видим, что... - If we make use of the result (7) we see that...
    • Еще один интересный результат - это... - One further result of interest is that...
    • Еще одним следствием этих результатов является то, что... - One further consequence of these results is that...
    • За исключение последнего, все эти результаты немедленно вытекают из того факта, что... - All these results except the last follow immediately from the fact that...
    • Значение этого последнего результата состоит в том, что... - The significance of this last result is that...
    • Значительно лучший результат мог быть получен, если использовать... - A much better result would have been obtained using...
    • Из... можно вывести много полезных результатов. - Many useful results may be deduced from...
    • Из вышеуказанного утверждения следует дополнительный результат. - The above argument gives us the following additional result.
    • Из предыдущих результатов вытекает, что... - It follows from the foregoing results that...
    • Из процитированных выше результатов следует, что... - From the results quoted above it follows that...
    • Из результатов последнего параграфа становится ясно, что... - It is apparent from the last section that...
    • Из результатов экспериментов Смит [1] заключил, что... - From the results of experiments, Smith [1] concluded that...
    • Из этих результатов вытекает, что... - These results imply that...
    • Используя результат (10), мы видим, что... - Making use of the result (10) we see that...
    • Используя этот результат... - With this result we can...
    • Используя этот результат, мы можем заключить... - With the help of this result we can deduce...
    • Исследование, продолжающееся два десятилетия, принесло удивительно немного результатов относительно... - Research spanning two decades has yielded surprisingly few results on...
    • Исходя из этих результатов, можно сконструировать... - Prom these results it is possible to construct...
    • Как мы можем понимать этот результат? - How can we understand this result?
    • Как мы уже видели, те же самые результаты предсказываются для... - As we have seen, the same results are predicted for...
    • Как побочный результат теоремы 4... - As a by-product of Theorem 4, we also obtain the convergence of...
    • Как приложение данного результата, мы покажем, что... -As an application of this result, we show that...
    • Как это показано ниже, этот результат можно также вывести непосредственно. - This result may also be derived directly as follows.
    • Количественный анализ этих результатов показывает, что... - A quantitative analysis of these results shows that...
    • Методом математической индукции этот результат может быть распространен на... - This result can be extended, by mathematical induction, to...
    • Многие идеи и результаты последней главы могут быть распространены на случай... - Many of the ideas and results of the last chapter can now be extended to the case of...
    • Многие из наших более ранних результатов могут быть лучше поняты, если... - Many of ounearlier results can be better understood if...
    • Можно было бы интерпретировать, что эти результаты означают, что... - These results might be interpreted to mean that...
    • Можно понять эти результаты, рассматривая... - One can understand these results by considering...
    • Мы используем этот результат, чтобы... - We shall apply this result to...
    • Мы могли бы взглянуть на данный результат с другой точки зрения. - We may look at this result in another way.
    • Мы могли бы подытожить эти результаты утверждением, что... - We may summarize these results with the statement that...
    • Мы могли бы получить этот же результат более просто, заметив, что... - We could have obtained this result more easily by noting that...
    • Мы могли бы получить этот результат другим способом. - We could obtain this result by a different argument.
    • Мы можем использовать этот результат, чтобы определить (= ввести)... - We can use this result to define...
    • Мы можем подытожить предыдущие результаты в простых терминах, замечая, что... - We can summarize the preceding results in simpler terms by noting that...
    • Мы можем получить данный результат следующим образом. - We can obtain the result as follows.
    • Мы можем применить некоторые результаты этой главы, чтобы проиллюстрировать... - We may apply some of the results of this chapter to illustrate...
    • Мы можем сформулировать этот результат в виде теоремы. - We can state the result as a theorem.
    • Мы не можем ожидать выполнения этого результата в случае... - This result cannot be expected to hold for...
    • Мы применим наши результаты к одному простому случаю. - We shall apply our results to a simple case.
    • Мы только что доказали следующий результат. - We have proved the following result.
    • Мы хотим взглянуть на этот результат с несколько иной точки зрения. - We want to look at this result from a slightly different, point of view.
    • На основе данных результатов давайте теперь оценим... - On the basis of these results, let us now estimate...
    • Наиболее важными результатами являются результаты, касающиеся (= связанные с)... - The most important results are those concerning...
    • Наилучший результат получается, когда/ если... - The best result is obtained when...
    • Наш основной результат будет заключаться в том, что... - Our main result will be that...
    • Наш следующий результат демонстрирует, что... - Our next result demonstrates that...
    • Наши первые результаты описывают соотношения между... - Our first results deal with the relations between...
    • Наши результаты пересекаются с результатами Смита [1], который... - Our results overlap those of Smith [1], who...
    • Наши результаты предпочтительны по сравнению с результатами Смита [1]. - Our results compare favorably with those of Smith [1].
    • Немедленным следствием предыдущего результата является тот факт, что... - An immediate corollary of the above result is the fact that...
    • Несколько более простой результат получается, если мы... - A somewhat simpler result is obtained if we...
    • Несомненно, данные результаты не зависят от... - These results are of course independent of...
    • Нижеследующее является обобщением результата, доказанного Смитом [1]. - The following is a generalization of a result proved by Smith [1].
    • Объединяя эти результаты, мы видим, что... - On combining these results we see that...
    • Обычно это происходит в результате... - This usually occurs as a result of...
    • Однако имеются другие результаты, которые... - There are other results, however, which...
    • Однако окончательные результаты теории не могут зависеть от... - But the final results of the theory must not depend on...
    • Однако подобные усилия приносят положительный результат, только если... - Such efforts, however, are successful only if...
    • Однако у этого результата имеется другое приложение. - However, this result has another application.
    • Однако этот результат действительно предполагает, что... - The result does assume, however, that...
    • Одним интересным свойством этих результатов является то, что они указывают... - One interesting feature of these results is that they indicate...
    • Очевидно, данный результат мог бы быть получен, не используя... - Obviously this result could have been obtained without the use of...
    • Очевидно, что подобный результат справедлив (и) для... - Obviously a similar result is true for...
    • Очевидно, что эти результаты выполняются для любого... - These results clearly hold for any...
    • Очевидной интерпретацией данного результата является... - The straightforward interpretation of this result is...
    • Перед тем как установить только что упомянутые результаты, необходимо (рассмотреть и т. п.)... - Before establishing the results just mentioned it is necessary to...
    • По результатам этого и подобных экспериментов обнаружено, что... - From this and similar experiments it is found that...
    • Подобные результаты убедительно доказывают, что... - Such results conclusively prove that...
    • В некотором роде подобный результат выполняется для... - A somewhat similar result holds for...
    • Полученные результаты должны быть таковы, чтобы их можно было сравнить с... - The results obtained should be capable of comparison with...
    • Помимо прочего, данный результат показывает, что... - Among other things, this result shows that...
    • Помня об этом результате, давайте проверим... - With this result in mind, let us examine...
    • Поучительно рассмотреть эти результаты с точки зрения... - It is instructive to consider these results from the standpoint of...
    • Предыдущие результаты были получены в рамках предположения... - The above results have been obtained under the assumption of...
    • Предыдущие результаты еще раз иллюстрируют... - The above results once more illustrate...
    • Предыдущие результаты можно подытожить следующим образом. - The above results may be summarized as follows.
    • Приведенная выше теория не предсказывает хорошо известный результат, что... - The theory given above does not predict the well-known result that...
    • Простой иллюстрацией для этого результата является его приложение к... - A simple illustration of this result is its application to...
    • Результат может быть найден (с помощью и т. п.)... - The output can be found by...
    • Результат показан ниже. - The result is recorded below.
    • Результат, представленный формулой (9), очень полезен при выводе свойств (чего-л). - The result (9) is very useful for deducing properties of...
    • Результат, справедливость которого может быть проверена (самим) читателем, формулируется следующим образом. - The result, which may be verified by the reader, is...
    • Результатом является представление... - The result is a representation of...
    • Результаты были получены непосредственным наблюдением... - The results are obtained by direct observation of...
    • Результаты были разочаровывающими, в основном потому... - The results have been disappointing, mainly because...
    • Результаты всех этих методов согласуются с... - The results of all these methods are consistent with...
    • Результаты данной главы позволяют нам... - The results of the present chapter enable us to...
    • Результаты согласуются с пониманием, что... - The results are consistent with the view that...
    • Следующий очень важный результат является основой для... - The following very important result is the basis for...
    • Соответствующий результат справедлив (и) для... - A corresponding result holds for...
    • Справедливость того же результата можно увидеть геометрически. - The same result can be seen geometrically.
    • Сравнение с точным результатом (2) показывает, что... - A comparison with the exact result (2) shows that...
    • Считается хорошей практикой выражать все результаты измерений в метрической системе. - It is considered good practice to express all measurements in metric units.
    • Таким образом, данный результат доказан. - The result is therefore established.
    • Таким образом, мы можем обобщить результаты из первого параграфа и сообщить, что... - Thus, we can generalize the results of Section 1 and state that...
    • Таким образом, получен следующий основной (= центральный) результат... - The following key results are therefore obtained:...
    • Такого же самого типа рассуждения доказывают следующий результат. - Arguments of the same type prove the following result.
    • Такой результат более предпочтителен (другому результату). - The outcome is certainly preferable to...
    • Твердо установленным результатом является, что... - It is a well-established result that...
    • Тем не менее эта формальная работа привела к конкретному результату. - Nevertheless, this formal work has produced a concrete result.
    • Теперь мы доказываем два фундаментальных результата. - We now prove two fundamental results.
    • Теперь мы доказываем один фундаментальный результат. - We now prove a fundamental result.
    • Теперь мы можем сформулировать следующий результат. - We are now in a position to state the following result.
    • Теперь мы получаем желаемый результат. - We now have the desired result.
    • Теперь мы собрали воедино основные определения и результаты (исследования и т. п.)... - We have now assembled the main definitions and results of...
    • Тот же самый результат может быть получен простым (вычислением и т. п.)... - The same result may be obtained by simply...
    • Тот же самый результат может быть сформулирован в другой форме. - The same result can be put in a different form.
    • Тот же самый результат можно вывести из... - The same result may be deduced from...
    • Физический смысл этого результата состоит в том, что... - The physical significance of this result is that...
    • Формально этот результат выглядит весьма похожим на... - Formally, the result looks somewhat similar to...
    • Численные результаты, основанные на соотношении (4), показывают, что... - Numerical computations based on (4) show that...
    • Читатель мог бы сравнить этот результат с выражением (6). - The reader may compare this result with the expression (6).
    • Читатель найдет этот результат в любом учебнике... - The reader will find this result in any textbook on...
    • Чтобы объяснить получившийся результат, мы могли бы предположить, что... - То explain the above result, we could suppose that...
    • Чтобы получить необходимый результат, мы... - То obtain the required result, let...
    • Чтобы получить практический результат в подобных случаях, мы... - То obtain a practical result in such cases, we...
    • Эти два результата имеют существенный интерес. - These two results are of considerable interest.
    • Эти два результата совместно показывают, что... - These two results together show that...
    • Эти кажущиеся тривиальными результаты приводят к... - These seemingly trivial results lead to...
    • Эти результаты имели важные далеко ведущие последствия. - The results were of far reaching importance.
    • Эти результаты могут быть легко описаны в терминах... - These results can easily be described in terms of...
    • Эти результаты можно использовать, чтобы установить... - These results can be used to establish...
    • Эти результаты можно очевидным образом обобщить (на случай и т. п.)... - These results can be extended in an obvious way to...
    • Эти результаты не изменятся, если мы... - These results are not affected if we...
    • Эти результаты представлены на рис. 3 и 4. - The results are displayed in Figures 3 and 4.
    • Эти результаты согласуются с предположением, что... - These results are consistent with the assumption that...
    • Эти результаты также поддержали точку зрения, что... - The results also lend support to the view that...
    • Эти результаты теперь могут быть уточнены для случая... - These results can now be specialized to the case of...
    • Эти результаты часто бывают необходимы. - These results are needed frequently.
    • Эти результаты являются следствием... - These results are a consequence of...
    • Эти результаты ясно показывают, что... - These results clearly show that...
    • Эти результаты в основном согласуются с... - These results are broadly consistent with...
    • Это важный результат. Он утверждает, что... - This is an important result. It says that...
    • Это и есть тот самый предсказанный результат. - This is precisely the expected result.
    • Это интересный результат. - This is an interesting result.
    • Это интересный результат, так как... - This is an interesting result because...
    • Это контрастирует с соответствующим результатом для... - This contrasts with the corresponding result for...
    • Это очень важный результат. Он означает, что... - This is a very important result. It means that...
    • Это подтверждается приведенными результатами. - This is confirmed by the results shown.
    • Это результат важен для практики, так как... - The result is important in practical terms since...
    • Это согласуется с нашим предыдущим результатом. - This is in agreement with our previous result.
    • Это хорошо подтверждается результатами... - This is strongly supported by the results of...
    • Это устанавливает данный результат. - This establishes the result.
    •Это чрезвычайно важный результат, поскольку он позволяет нам... - This is an exceedingly important result, as it enables us to...
    • Это ясно показано на рис. 1, который представляет результаты (чего-л). - This is clearly demonstrated in Figure 1 which shows the results of...
    • Этот неверный результат получается вследствие... - This incorrect result is due to...
    • Этот результат более или менее ожидаем, если исходить из того факта, что... - This result is more or less to be expected from the fact that...
    • Этот результат был сформулирован довольно неопределенно (= неточно), потому что... - This result has been stated rather vaguely because...
    • Этот результат было необходимо ожидать, исходя из факта, что... - This result was to be expected from the fact that...
    • Этот результат вытекает из изучения... - This result follows from a study of...
    • Этот результат заслуживает более пристального рассмотрения. - This result is worth a more careful look.
    • Этот результат имеет поразительное сходство с... -. This result bears a striking resemblance to...
    • Этот результат легко установить. - It is easy to establish this result.
    • Этот результат легче запомнить... - This result is more easily remembered by...
    • Этот результат мог бы быть выведен прямо из соотношения (6). - This result could have been deduced directly from (6).
    • Этот результат мог бы нам позволить... - This result may allow us to...
    • Этот результат можно было бы получить более легко, увидев, что... - This result could have been obtained more easily by recognizing that...
    • Этот результат можно использовать без опасений, только если... - It is safe to use this result only if...
    • Этот результат можно сделать более наглядным с помощью... - The result can be made more explicit by...
    • Этот результат не зависит ни от каких предположений относительно... - This result is independent of any assumption about...
    • Этот результат не слишком изменяется, если... - The result is not essentially different if...
    • Этот результат не является простым, потому что... - The result is not simple because...
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    • Этот результат подтверждает интуитивное понимание того, что... - This result confirms the intuitive view that...
    • Этот результат полезен лишь тогда, когда... - This result is useful only when...
    • Этот результат поражает тем, что... - The striking thing about this result is that...
    • Этот результат предлагает естественное обобщение... - This result suggests a natural generalization of...
    • Этот результат совпадает с полученным с помощью уравнения (4). - The result is exactly the same as that given by equation (4).
    • Этот результат согласуется с тем фактом, что... - This result is in agreement with the fact that...
    • Этот результат также можно было бы получить, применяя... - This result may also be obtained by means of...
    • Этот результат является более или менее ожидаемым, однако исходя из того, что... - This result is more or less to be expected, however, from the fact that...

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  • 20 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

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